• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.546-555
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• 2014

Objectives: Recently, many studies have reported beneficial effects from the application of laser and light-emitting diode (LED) therapy for cerebral nervous disease. Transcranial laser therapy and LED therapy may be an effective method to treat diseases of the cerebral nervous system. This study aims to discuss the possibility of laser and LED therapy for cerebral nervous disease by reviewing literature about its effectiveness. Methods: We searched papers using PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, KTKP, Oasis and NDSL, using the keywords "Laser therapy, low-level", "Transcranial laser", "Transcranial light emitting diode" and "stroke", "traumatic brain injury", "dementia", "anxiety", "cognitive", "emotional effects", "psychiatric disorder", "multiple sclerosis", "Parkinson's disease". The search range included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical case series. Reviews and animal experiments were not included. Studies not matched with inclusion criteria were excluded. Results: A total 1,119 studies were found. 1,100 were excluded from scanning titles and abstracts and finally 9 articles were selected. Among the 9 articles, 5 were RCTs, one was a controlled study, and the other 3 were case reports. They reported that transcranial laser therapy and LED treatment had beneficial effects from photobiomodulation to the cerebral nervous system. Clinical evaluation factors showed favorable trends. Conclusions: Transcranial laser therapy and LED therapy seem to be effective to the cerebral nervous system and they may be a favorable choice for cerebral nervous disease.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.448-452
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• 2010

The traditional Aids to Navigations(AtoN) have been ensuring the safety of ships by indicating the passage and dangers by depending on the flashing lights. But the more the industrial complex behind port which is all over the country involving the Ulsan port developed, the more the lights behind port is stronger, and then the distinguishment of the signal of AtoN from the lights behind port is more difficult. And It is urgently needed to prepare the counterplan about the ensurement of safety because the authorities levels up the limit tonnage of the ships which are sail in and out during night to improve the operation of port through reducing of the traffic jam So, the method of direct lighting like LED non-neon is applied to unmanned lighthouses or light beacon, and the LED flashing number plate is applied to light buoys whose light power is weaker than to improve distinguishment and to be easy positioning of ships. As a result, the users of Ulsan port comment favorably on this item and the development of AtoN must be continuos to overcome the lights behind port.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.48-54
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• 2018

With the 4th industry era, smart factories are emerging. In the era of multi-product small scale production, unmanned transportation vehicles are rapidly increasing in utilization of unmanned transportation vehicles that carry and arrange goods in the work space. The conventional unmanned vehicle detected its position by using the guided line method and the position based method for indoor location recognition and movement. This method has disadvantages of initial high cost and maintenance / maintenance. In this paper, to solve the disadvantages, the method of predicting the direct path of the unmanned vehicle through the Kalman filter is verified using the white LED marker of the warehouse and the position data and the image data of the white LED marker recognition image. Through this, the reliability of the linear movement which occupies the most part in the lattice structure is secured. It is also expected that the reliance on additional position sensors will also be reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2010

Much interest has been focused on InGaN-based materials and their quantum structures due to their optoelectronics applications such as light emitting diode (LED) and photovoltaic devices, because of its high thermal conductivity, high optical efficiency, and direct wide band gap, in spite of their high density of threading dislocations. Build-in internal field-induced quantum-confined Stark effect in InGaN/GaN quantum well LED structures results in a spatial separation of electrons and holes, which leads to a reduction of radiative recombination rate. Therefore, many growth techniques have been developed by utilizing lateral over-growth mode or by inserting additional layers such as patterned layer and superlattices for reducing threading dislocations and internal fields. In this work, we investigated various characteristics of InGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) LED structures grown on selectively wet-etched porous (SWEP) GaN template layer and compared with those grown on non-porous GaN template layer over c-plane sapphire substrates. From the surface morphology measured by atomic force microscope, high resolution X-ray diffraction analysis, low temperature photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation measurements, good structural and optical properties were observed on both LED structures. However, InGaN MQWs LED structures grown on SWEP GaN template layer show relatively low In composition, thin well width, and blue shift of PL spectra on MQW emission. These results were explained by rough surface of template layer, reduction of residual compressive stress, and less piezoelectric field on MQWs by utilizing SWEP GaN template layer. Better electrical properties were also observed for InGaN MQWs on SWEP GaN template layer, specially at reverse operating condition for I-V measurements.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.65-82
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• 2016

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of parent-adolescent communication (through adolescent optimism) on adolescent conflict-coping styles. Methods: A total of 337 high school students participated in this study. They completed questionnaires about communications with their parents and their own optimism and conflict-coping styles. Data were analyzed using t-tests, correlations, and SEM. Results: Neither father- nor mother-adolescent communication had direct effects on adolescent conflict-coping styles. However, mother-adolescent communication had an indirect effect on conflict-coping styles, mediated by adolescent optimism. Adolescents who had open communication with mothers displayed higher levels of optimism, which led to more positive conflict-coping styles. In addition, multigroup analyses revealed that there were significant gender differences in direct and indirect effects. For boys, mother-adolescent communication directly influenced adolescent conflict-coping styles; however, father-adolescent communication did not directly or indirectly affect adolescent conflict-coping styles. For girls, neither father- nor mother-adolescent communication had direct effects on conflict-coping styles; only optimism had a significant effect on conflict-coping styles. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that communication with mothers and fathers have different effects on adolescents' conflict-coping styles. These findings have implications for future research and practice by emphasizing the importance of parent-adolescent communication and optimism in designing conflict-coping programs for adolescents.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.62.1-62.1
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• 2011

현재 상용화된 LED 또는 태양전지 등의 투명전극(TCO, transparent couducting oxide)재료로 높은 전기전도도와 광투과도를 갖는 ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)가 많이 채택되고 있다. 그러나 이에 사용되는 Indium의 단가가 높다는 문제점이 있어 이를 대체하기 위한 물질의 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 특히 Aluminum을 doping한 ZnO (AZO)는 우수한 전기적, 광학적 특성 등으로 인해 ITO를 대체할 차세대 TCO 물질로 각광받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 sol-gel법을 및 direct patterning법을 이용하여 moth-eye 패턴을 포함하는 AZO 박막을 제작하였다. AZO sol을 제작하기 위하여 2-methoxyethanol, zinc acetate dihydrate 및 doping source로 aluminum nitrate nonahydrate를 사용하였다. 또한 광추출 향상 효과를 갖는 moth-eye 구조의 master stamp를 Polydimethyl siloxane(PDMS)를 이용하여 역상 moth-eye 구조의 mold를 복제하였으며, 이 복제된 mold와 제작된 AZO sol을 이용한 direct patterning법을 통해 나노급 moth-eye 구조를 갖는 AZO 투명전극층을 형성하였다. 제작된 moth-eye 구조를 갖는 AZO 투명전극층의 전기적 특성 평가를 위해, 4-point probe 측정 및 Hall measurement를 시행하였으며, 광학적 특성을 확인하기 위하여 UV-Visable spectrometer를 이용하여 투과도를 측정하였다. 본 연구를 통해 현재 상용화된 광전자 소자에 사용되고 있는 ITO 투명전극을 대체할 차세대 투명전극으로써 AZO 박막의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.413-419
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• 2023

Light Emitting Diodes(LEDs) are widely utilized not only in lighting but also in various applications such as mobile phones, automobiles, displays, etc. The integration of LED lighting with communication, specifically Visible Light Communication(VLC), has gained significant attention. This paper presents the direct implementation and experimentation of a Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V) Visible Light Communication system using commonly used red and yellow LEDs in typical vehicles. Data collected from the leading vehicle, including positional and speed information, were modulated using Non-Return-to-Zero On-Off Keying(NRZ-OOK) and transmitted through the rear lights equipped with red and yellow LEDs. A photodetector(PD) received the visible light signals, demodulated the data, and restored it. To mitigate the interference from fluorescent lights and natural light, a PD for interference removal was installed, and an interference removal device using a polarizing filter and a differential amplifier was employed. The performance of the proposed visible light communication system was analyzed in an ideal case, indoors and outdoors environments. In an outdoor setting, maintaining a distance of approximately 30[cm], and a transmission rate of 4800[bps] for inter-vehicle data transmission, the red LED exhibited a performance improvement of approximately 13.63[dB], while the yellow LED showed an improvement of about 11.9[dB].

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.231-242
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• 1990

A study is reported which investigated the additive nature of digestible energy (DE) from dietary nutrients and to estimate the relative energy values of different energy-yielding nutrients in practical trout diets. A growth study was conducted over 12 weeks with 6 diets. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed diets once a day ad libitum. Digestible energy values determined and calculated had direct relationship indicating additive nature of such values for feed ingredients. Overall growth performance was best in a diet containing 33% digestible protein (DP) with a DP/DE ratio of 18.6. A reduction in digestible protein level with the same DP/DE rat io led to a significant decrease in growth and feed efficiency. The increase of 7% of lipid with concomitant decrease in protein resulted in the relative gain of 130% in growth and nutrient retention, suggesting that 1 g of lipid is equal to about 1.3 g of proteins in terms of net energetic value. Replacement of 10% of dietary lipid by carbohydrates led to a slight decrease in energy retention efficiency but to a great increase in lipid retention efficiency (130%) showing that dietary carbohydrates led to increased lipogenesis.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.438-453
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• 2009

Attracting advanced foreign enterprises into the less-developed regions has gained increasing importance as a regional development strategy in Korea. This study critically examines the foreign-direct investment-led regional development strategy of Wales, United Kingdom. Despite a high FDI inflow in manufacturing, the Welsh regional economy has suffered from specialization in low-skilled assembly with limited R&D activities, insufficient linkage with local domestic suppliers, and violent fluctuation in local employment in response to changes within the global business environment. This tendency shows that the foreign-invested companies have neither locally embedded themselves enough nor created the external agglomeration economies in the region. At the same time, the Welsh local government's excessive dependence on financial incentives packages to induce multinationals, rather than effort to create regional innovative capacity, has resulted in a sizable fiscal loss, an abused local planning process, and subordination of the local government's major administrative decision-making on foreign investors. The Welsh FDI case suggests that an effective FDI attraction policy should include inter-regional cooperation and coordination in the inward investment attraction procedure, a comprehensive land use planning process, and state-level concrete governance on FDI.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.2071-2076
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• 2009

The single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were directly fluorinated with fluorine ($F_2$) gas in a temperature range 20 ~ 400 ${^{\circ}C}$. The surface properties and morphology of the SWCNTs were investigated in terms of fluorination temperature. As a result, Raman spectra showed a pair of bands at 1340 and 1590 $cm^{-1}$ peculiar to disordered $sp^2$-carbons. These results indicated that C-F bonds were formed on the rear surfaces of the nanotubes by fluorination, while the external surfaces as well as the layers between the internal and external surfaces retained their $sp^2$-hybridization. XPS analysis exhibited that fluorine atoms were bonded to carbon atoms on internal surfaces (rear surfaces) of the nanotubes and the amount of fluorine attached on the nanotubes was increased with increasing the fluorination temperature. Consequently, the direct fluorination of carbon nanotubes led to functionalization and modification of pristine nanotubes with respect to surface and morphological properties.