• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.406-410
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• 1999

기능성 MA필름을 생산하여 이를 골판지 상자의 내부에 첩합시킨 FC상자의 활용가능성을 조사하고자 골판지 상자와 기능성 MA필름대를 골판지 상자 내부의 1면당 4곳씩 첩합시킨 FC포장구와 0.03, 0.05mm 두께의 LDPE 필름(30LD, 50LD)으로 애호박을 포장하여 2$0^{\circ}C$에 저장하여 품질변화를 조사한 결과, FC 상자와 30LD와 50LD 포장구는 대조구 보다는 중량 감소율이 현저히 낮았으며 Vitamin C의 함량도 대조구 보다 FC 포장구가 26% 높게 유지되고 있고, 클로로필도 대조구 보다 16% 정도 더 높게 유지되고 있었다. 소비자 측면에서 살펴본 시장성도 FC 포장구는 대조구 보다는 2-3일, LD포장구 보다는 1-2일정도 더 시장성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.75-79
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• 1969

Aconitum Koreanum rhizoma has been applied in therapy from old in oriental medicine (Korean Hanbang), The action of the water and alcohol extracts of the rhizoma and root of Aconitum Koreanum R. Raymond, a common herb in Korea, on the isolated Frog heart and $LD_{50}$ were observed. The results of the studies were as follows: 1. The cardiac effect in the concentration of the extracts$(10^{-3})$ was increased and duratrin of action prolonged approximately 10 minutes, but in the extracts $(3{\times}10^{-3})blocked$. 2. The $LD_{50}$ of extracts were 722 mg/kg (water) and 151mg/kg (alcohol) intraperitoneally in mice.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.92-99
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• 1988

Terbufos 및 phorate와 그 대사물(代謝物)에 대(對)한 각각(各各)의 급성경구독성(急性經口毒性) $LD_{50}$값 및 효소활성저해율(酵素活性沮害率)과 투여량반응(投與量反應)과의 관계(關係)를 규명(糾明)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 병아리에 대(對)한 terbufos의 급성경구독성(急性經口毒性) $LD_{50}$은 1.82mg/kg이었으며, $P=S,SO_2$는 2.85mg/kg, P=S,SO, P=O,S, P=O,SO, 및 $P=O,SO_2$는 $0.30{\sim}0.79mg/kg$ 범위(範圍)이었다. 또한 phorate는 1.02mg/kg 이었으며, $P=S,SO_2$는 1.73mg/kg, P=S,SO, P=O,S, P=O,SO 및 $P=O,SO_2$는 $0.36{\sim}0.63mg/kg$범위(範圍)이었다. 약제(藥劑)를 경구투여(經口投與)하고 60분(分) 후(後)에 측정(測定)한 뇌(腦) AChE 및 혈장(血漿) ChE 활성(活性) 저해(沮害) 해율(害率)과 투여용량(投輿用量)과는 Y=a+b(-log X)[Y=효소활성(酵素活性)(%), X=투여량(投與量)]식(式)에 잘 적용(適用)되었다. Terbufos 및 phorate와 그 대사물(代謝物)에 대(對)한 각각(各各)의 투여반응곡선(投與反應曲線)에서, 뇌(腦) AChE 활성(活性) 및 혈장(血漿) ChE 활성(活性)의 50%를 저해(沮害)시킬 수 있는 투여량(投與量)은 각각(各各) 급성경구독성(急性經口毒性) $LD_{50}$의 $35.3{\pm}6.8%$와 $17.4{\pm}3.6%$이었다. 또한 각각(各各)의 화합물(化合物)에 대(對)한 급성경구독성(急性經口毒性) $LD_{50}$ 투여량(投與量)에서는 뇌(腦) AChE 및 혈장(血漿) ChE 활성저해(活性沮害)가 각각(各各) $83.7{\pm}3.9%$ 및 $93.3{\pm}2.2%$이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1485-1490
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• 2006

In this study, comparative replicational properties of Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus (HycuNPV) in Lymantria dispar (IPLB-LdElta) and Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-Sf21) cell lines were investigated. Our microscopic observations showed that cytopathic effects (CPEs) in LdElta cells appeared 12 h later than those in Sf21 cells. Whereas polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) formed at 48 h postinfection (p.i.) in LdElta cells, it formed at 36 h p.i. in Sf21 cells. Extracellular virus production determined according to the 50% tissue culture infective dose ($TCID_{50}$) method in LdElta cells started about 12 h later when compared with Sf21 cells. Titers of extracellular virus in LdElta and Sf21 cells were calculated as $1.77{\times}10^9$ plaque forming units (PFU)/ml and $5.6{\times}10^9PFU/ml$, respectively, at 72 h p.i. We also showed that viral DNA replication began at 12 h p.i. in both cell lines. Viral protein synthesis was determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and polyhedrin synthesis was observed at 12 h p.i. in both cell lines. The results indicate that while the synthesis of macromolecules is 12 h later and production of extracellular virus is almost 3-fold lower in LdElta cells compared with those in Sf21 cells, the LdElta cell line is still a productive cell line for infection of HycuNPV.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.548-551
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• 2014

기존 유기 세정제의 문제점인 인체 독성을 낮추기 위하여 생분해도 및 $LD_{50}$가 향상된 에테르 및 에스테르 작용기를 동시에 갖는 세정제 4종을 새롭게 합성하였다. 합성한 세정제를 한국기계전기전자시험연구원에서 국가산업표준 방법으로 분석하여 물리적인 성질과 생분해도 및 $LD_{50}$을 측정하고 세정성 평가를 수행하였다. 물성 측정 결과, 물리화학적 성질이 세정제로서 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 세정력 평가를 위하여 $60{\times}40mm$ 크기의 스테인리스 강 기판에 절삭유, 방청유, 인발유, 윤활유를 각각 기판에 도포하여 합성한 세정제(1-4)에 침적하여 세정력을 평가하였다. 최대 5 min 간 침적하였을 때 절삭유는 96-100%, 방청유에서는 64-72%, 인발유는 59-88%, 윤활유는 72-84% 정도의 높은 세정력을 보였다. 또한 세정제(1-4)의 생분해도 99% 이상, $LD_{50}$ 2,000 mg/kg 이상의 값을 보임으로서 인체에 거의 해가 없는 친환경 세정제임을 확인하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2010

This study was conducted to obtain acute information of the oral dose toxicity of DHU001, a polyherbal formula in male and female mice. In order to calculated 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 0 (vehicle control) ml/kg (body weight). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation, organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after treatment with DHU001. We could not find any mortalities, DHU001 treatment-related clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of DHU001 were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.287-296
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• 2001

The acute oral LD5O toxicity values of isazofos, pyraclofos, diazinon and methomyl were determined for Japanese quail based on OECD guideline. The $LD_{50}$ of isazofos, pyraclofos and diazinon was 16.26 mg/kg, and 7.11mg/kg body weight In female respectively. And the $LD_{50}$ of each chemical in male was 21.44, 35.64, 8.28 mg/kg body weight respectively. Diazinon was the most susceptible compounds to Japanese quail in both sexes. The $LD_{50}$ of methomyl was 21.24 mg/kg body weights in female, and 28.28 mg/kg body weight in male respectively. Diazinon, isazofos and methomyl were more toxic In the female than male. The symptoms of poisoning were similar in quails administrated with each chemicals. The clinical sign in Japanese quail were ataxia, salivation, diarrhea, ruffled feather and convulsion at dead point. There were severe hemorrhage and catarrhal inflammation from duodenum to ileum In all compounds. In Japanese quail treated with organophosphorus and carbamate compounds, brain acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by 88-96. The recovery was not observed after 5 h in sublethal dose.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2019

Objectives: Venomous fishes have different pharmacological effects and are useful. Among the venomous fish, stonefishes; especially Pseudosynanceia melanostigma has various pharmacological effects on the nervous, muscular and cardiovascular system of humans. In this study, toxicological characteristics, some blood effects, pharmacological and enzymatic properties of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma venom was investigated. Methods: Crude venom purified by using gel filtration chromatography and the molecular weights of the venom and its fractions were estimated. The approximate LD values of this venom were determinedand the effects of LD50 dose on the blood of rabbits were studied. Hemolytic and Hemorrhagic activity of the venom sample was determined. In this case coagulation tests were performed. Results: The LD50 of the Pseudosynanceia melanostigma crude venom was also determined to be $194.54{\mu}g/mouse$. The effect of two doses of LD50 showed a non-significant differences decrease in RBCs and MCV. In other cases, the results showed significant differences in WBC, Plt, Hb, MCH, MCHC and HCT; also it's showed a significant decrease. WBC count showed a significant increase with two doses of LD50 groups. The prothrombin time and partial prothrombin time were increased after venom treatment. As well as bleeding and clotting time were increased. According to the results, a minimum dose for Haemorrhagic effect $40{\mu}g$ was obtained. Conclusion: Venom of Pseudosynanceia melanostigma has inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation that can be used to design and develop of anticoagulant drugs.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.60-67
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• 1999

흡즙성 해충과 저작성 해충 및 천적에 대한 imidacloprid의 살충력을 처리방법별로 조사하였다. 흡즙성 해충인 벼멸구에 대하여 imidacloprid의 미량국소처리에 의한 $LD_{50}$은 $0.015{\mu}g/g$ (48시간)이었으며, 유묘침지와 근부처리시의 $LD_{50}$은 각각 21.5 와 18.1 ppm을 보였으며, 처리간의 살충력 차이는 보이지 않았다. Imidacloprid 액제를 근부처리를 하였을 경우 20 ppm에서도 살란효과가 99%을 보였으며, 반수살란농도는 6.8 ppm이었다. 복숭아혹진딧물에 대한 imidacloprid의 $LD_{50}$은 $0.4{\mu}g/g$(48시간)이었으며, 엽침지처리와 근부처리 48시간 후 $LC_{50}$은 각각 1.9과, 13.7ppm으로 엽침지처리에 의한 살충효과가 높았다. 저작성 해충인 담배거세미나방과 파밤나방에 대한 imidacloprid의 $LD_{50}$은 1492.5이상과 $3125{\mu}g/g$으로 살충력이 낮았으며, 엽침지처리에 의한 $LC_{50}$은 각각 4803.3과 5000 ppm 이상을 보여 imidacloprid는 흡즙성 해충보다 저작성 해충에 대해 살충력이 낮았다. 배회성거미인 황산적거미(Pirata subpiraticus)와 턱거미(Pachygnata clercki)에 대한 $LD_{50}$이 각각 294.1과 $2976.3{\mu}g/g$ 이상으로 독성이 매우 낮았으며, 조망성거미인 등줄가슴애접시거미(Ummeliata insecticeps)에 대한 $LD_{50}$은 357.1 ${\mu}g/g$로 역시 독성이 낮았다. Imidacloprid의 거미류와 벼멸구간 선택독성은 각각 196,000 이상과 199,000이상 및 23,800이상으로서 독성이 벼멸구에는 높은 반면 거미류에는 낮았다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2003

This study was designed to investigate the effects of main constituents of Nigella sativa (NS) seed on the survival and CNS responses in experimental animals. The toxicological investigations were conducted for the determination of median lethal doses $(LD_{50})$ of NS seed constituents [i.e. aqueous extract (AE), fixed oil (FO), volatile oil (VO)] and main components of its VO [i.e. thymoquinone (TQ), ${\alpha}-pinene$ (AP) and p-cymene (PC)]. A part of this study includes evaluation NS constituents in the induction of minimal neurological deficit (MND) as a parameter for neurotoxicity using chimney test. In this study, the i.p. $LD_{50}$ values of AE, FO, VO, TQ (suspended In 0.5%CMC), TQ (dissolved in corn oil), AP and PC, were 3020, 3371, 1853, 616.6, 90.3, 1726 and 1523 mg/kg, respectively. All the NS constituents can be considered moderately toxic ($LD_{50}$ ranged from 616.6 to 3371 mg/kg), except the oily solution of TQ, which was very toxic ($LD_{50}$ was 90.3 mg/kg). It appeared that the toxicity of the whole VO is mainly due to its content of TQ and to some extent PC. All the NS constituents induced different degrees of MND at certain dose levels. The median neurotoxic (or sedating) doses $(TD_{50})$ of AE, FO, VO, TQ (suspended in CMC) and AP and PC, were 950, 1403, 306, 88.1, >173 and 368 mg/kg, respectively. TQ was the most potent component in inducing MND, whereas the FO and AE were the least. Neurotoxicity induced by the VO in the chimney test may refer basically to its contents of TQ and to some extent PC and AP.