• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2016

Background: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of lidocaine (LD) topical anesthetic spray against oral microflora. Methods: Antimicrobial effects of 10% LD spray were assessed against six bacterial cultures obtained from volunteers: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus sanguinis. The filter papers contained $50-{\mu}l$ LD, brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, or 0.2% chlorhexidine. Papers were placed on the cultured blood plates for 1-3 min. After the papers were removed, plates were incubated for 24 h. Bacterial growth on the contact areas was recorded as the antimicrobial score. The split mouth technique was use in for sample collection in clinical study. Filter papers soaked with either BHI broth or LD were placed on the right or left buccal mucosa for 1 min, and replaced with other papers to imprint biofilms onto the contact areas. Papers were placed on blood plates, incubated for 24 h, and antimicrobial scores were determined. Experiments were conducted for 2- and 3-min exposure times with a 1-day washout period. Results: LD exhibited bactericidal effects against E. coli, S. sanguinis, and S. salivarius within 1 min but displayed no effect against S. aureus, E. faecalis, and S. pyogenes. The antimicrobial effect of LD on oral microflora depended upon exposure time, similar to the results obtained from the clinical study (P < 0.05). LD showed 60-95% biofilm reduction on buccal mucosa. Conclusions: Antimicrobial activity of 10% LD topical anesthetic spray was increased by exposure time. The 3 min application reduced oral microflora in the buccal mucosa.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.361-369
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• 2023

The latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is a reliable option for breast reconstruction. This is particularly true in patients with contraindications to abdominally based autologous breast reconstruction. A systematic review of patient satisfaction and health related quality of life following LD breast reconstruction using the BREAST-Q survey was conducted. The scope of the review was to determine the degree of patient satisfaction following the procedure and to examine how patient satisfaction from the pedicled LD flap compares to other breast reconstructive procedures. A literature search on BREAST-Q in LD flap reconstruction was performed. Only articles written in English and in published peer-reviewed journals were included. Studies with less than 20 patients in their sample and those with a follow-up period of less than 1 year were excluded. Five articles representing 331 patients were reviewed, including one case-control study and four retrospective cohort studies. Level of evidence was either III (4) or IV (1). The average age was 53 with average body mass index of 25. Most reconstructions were delayed (67%) and unilateral (88%), and most patients required radiation (79%). The average length of follow-up was 36 months, and the response rate was 75%. Overall, patients who underwent LD flap reconstruction reported favorable outcomes in satisfaction domains and quality of life domains with few complications. A meta-analysis also demonstrated higher satisfaction in LD flap without implants compared with LD flap with implants. Patient-reported outcomes following LD breast reconstruction compare favorably with other techniques of breast reconstruction.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

본 연구의 목적은 복비처리에 따른 잔디의 생육과 수목근부 지역에서 피해를 입은 잔디의 회복 정도를 알아보고 효과적인 관리 체계를 방안을 찾고자 수행하였다. 1. 시험구의 토양 화학성을 분석한 결과, pH는 대부분 시험구들이 $pH5.3\~5.5$로 강산성을 보였으며, EC(dS/m)는 복비 처리 전에 비해 처리 후가 $2.5\~3.0$배정도 증가하였다. 가용성 인산과 칼리 성분은 처리구가 무처리구에 비하여 월등히 높았으며 전체적으로 잔디가 생육하기에 충분한 성분함량을 가지고 있었다 하지만 시험구의 토양의 강산성으로 잔디가 생육하기에는 부적합함으로 석회 등의 시용으로 토양의 화학성을 개량하여야할 필요가 있다. 2. 복합비료 시비에 의한 잔디 회복도를 살펴보면, 신초의 건물중은 복합비료를 처리한 잔디밀도(LD) $50\%$이하인 지역의 시험구가 무처리 시험구에 비하여 이스트밸리와 지산에서 각각 $93\%$와 $107\%$증가하였다. 신초와 뿌리 건물중의 비율은 복비의 처리구가 무처리구에 비하여 높았다. 포복경과 지하경의 건물중은 이스트밸리의 경우 처리구 LD지역보다 무처리구 LD지역에서 $37\%$정도 낮았고, 지산의 경우엔 $72\%$가 낮았다. 초장의 경우도 처리구인 LD지역이 무처구인 LD지역에 비하여 이스트밸리와 지산 각각 $2.8\%$와 $33\%$의 증가율을 보였다. 3. 조사 형질들의 조사일별 변화도를 보게 되면, 밀도는 이스트밸리와 지산의 시험구 모두 복비를 처리한 후 처리구 LD지역이 무처리구 LD지역에 비하여 밀도의 차이가 컸는데, 이는 무처리구 LD지역은 양분을 축적하기 위한 토양양분 등의 부족과 잔디내 유용 탄수화물의 고갈로 인해 오히려 잔디의 밀도가 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 초장의 경우 복비의 무처리시 거의 잔디의 초장이 신장하지 않았으며, 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 반면, 잔디의 피해지역에 복비를 처리할 경우 잔디의 빠른 생장이 이루어졌다. 신초 건물중은 복비 처리전 8월 6일에 비하여 11월 6일에 이스트밸리 LD지역의 무처리구가 $1.2\%$감소하였지만 처리구는 $50\%$정도가 증가하였다. 지산의 시험 결과도 이스트밸리와 유사하였다. 신초와 뿌리의 비율(S/R)은 처리구의 경우 뿌리보다 신초의 건물중이 더 증가하였지만, 무처리구의 경우 뿌리와 신초의 생장율이 거의 비슷하였다. 포복경과 지하경의 건물중을 합한 R&S의 건물중을 조사한 결과, 이스트밸리의 경우 복비를 처리하기 전 8월6일에 무처리구인 LD지역이 처리구인 LD지역에 비하여 $5.5\%$정도가 적었지만 복비를 처리한 후엔 오히려 처리구의 LD지역이 $48\%$로 증가하였다. 지산의 결과 역시 이스트밸리와 유사하였다. 4. 이상의 결과들로 알 수 있는 것은 수목 근부에 생장하고 있는 잔디의 피해 요인들은 여러 가지가 있지만, 골프장내 수목의 밀생 지역이 아닌 경우에는 광에 의한 피해보다는 오히려 양분과 수분의 경쟁에 의한 피해 발생 비율이 크다. 따라서 이들 잔디의 피해 지역에 복비를 처리함으로서 무처리 지역에 비하여 상당히 많은 효과를 보았기 때문에 수목 근부에서 생장하는 잔디의 집중관리 체계로 보다 효율적인 코스관리에 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.373-382
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• 2007

This study was conducted to obtain acute information of the oral dose toxicity of PGB-1, a novel polyglucosamine polymer produced from a new strain Enterobacter sp. BL-2 in male and female mice. In order to calculated 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 (vehicle control) ml/kg (body wt.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation and organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after dosing with PGB-1. We could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings. In addition, significant changes in the organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were not observed except for some sporadic findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that PGB-1 may not be toxic in mice and may be therefore safe for clinical use. The $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of PGB-1 were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2001

The current study was performed to determine the acute oral toxicity of a crude extract of sanghwang mushroom (Phellinus linteus), in SD rats. 5 rats of each sex were orally treated with a single dose of extract of sanghwang mushroom at doses of 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 mg/kg, respectively. After the treatment, clinical signs and body weight change, the food and water consumption were observed for 14 days. All animals survived during the study and did not show any clinical signs. Body weight gain showed no significant difference between the control and treated rats. However, body weight gain delayed in high dose group (2,000 mg/kg) on day 1~3 after administration. Another 5 rats of each sex were orally treated with a single dose of extract of sanghwang mushroom at dosages 4,000, 5,000 mg/kg respectively, but all animals survived during the study and did not show any clinical signs. It is suggested that LD$_{50}$ of extract of sanghwang mushroom by oral administration was estimated to be over 5,000 mg/kg in both sexes of rats.s.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.168-174
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• 1985

半導體 레이저의 出力 및 波長은 溫度에 대단히 敏感하다. 특히 헤테로다인光通信 씨스템이다. 光學用積密 度量衡器, 高分解能 스텍트로스코프 等測量 및 通信에서 發光源으로 使用하기 爲해서는 適當한 安定化 技術이 要求된다. 이 때 溫度의 安定은 絶對的이다 .따라서 本 硏究에서는 桓溫器의 溫度를 -27$-50^{\circ}$에서 +73$^{\circ}C$까지 임의 設定이 可能하게 하였으며 溫度 安定은 ${\pm}2m{\circ}K$보다 좋은 結果를 얻었다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2002

A single administration toxicity of (R)-JG-381 was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. In this study, rats were administered orally with dose of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg／kg of(R)-JG-381. We daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and gross findings fur 14 days after (R)-JG-381 administration. When we administered different doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg／kg, we found 5, 3, 5 and 5 male rats and 1, 4, 4 and 5 female rats dead within 1 day after administration, respectively. Some clinical signs(decrease of locomotor activity, decreased respiration rate, lacrimation, prone position) were observed during the experimental period. Our findings suggest that oral $LD_{50}s$(95% confidence limit) for male and female rats are 93.8mg／kg (28.8~161.6mg／kg) and 166.3mg／kg (89. I~284.8mg／kg), respectively.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1995년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.61-61
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• 1995

1993년 국내토양으로부터 분리동정된 Streptomyces속 균주중 항종양성이 우수한 균주 3주(DKM104, DKM117, DKM409)를 선정하고 이들을 대량 배양하여 종양억제인자를 분리하고 시험관내 종양세포 독성능 및 생체내 항암활성능과 이들 물질생산과 PLASMID DNA와의 관련성, $LD_{50}$등을 시험하여 새로운 항종양물질의 개발을 목적으로 하였다. 분리선별균주의 배양조건을 확립하였으며 배양여액을 국성이 적은 유기용매로부터 큰쪽으로 단계적으로 유효성분을 추출하여 Gel Chromatography를 이용하여 유효성분을 분획하였다. 시험관내 항종양능 시험은 MTT colorimetric검정법을 이용하여 $IC_{50}$값을 산정하였으며 생체내 항종양능은 마국의 NIC에서 권장하는 tumor panel system에 따랐다. 선정된 균주의 plasmid 분리는 alkalin lysis법을 채택하였으며 agarose gel electrophoresis로 plasmid profile을 시험하였다. Novobiocin등을 이용하여 Curing test를 시행하였고 독성실험은 $LD_{50}$량을 구해 항암효과 측정시에 Maximum dost로 투여하였고 최고용량을 기준으로 일정한 공비를 적응하여 3단계의 투여량을 설정하였다.(중략)

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.197-199
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• 2015

The composition of the essential oil of Ligustrum japonicum leaves was determined by GC-MS analysis. The major constituents of L. japonicum leaf oil were germacrene D (40.50%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (13.63%), (-)-${\beta}$-elemene (6.42%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (5.73%), and $\delta$-cadinene (5.47%). The acaricidal activities of L. japonicum oil were evaluated against acaridae and pyroglyphid mites. In the fumigant bioassay, the $LD_{50}$ values of L. japonicum oil were 16.48, 12.38, and $15.63{\mu}g/cm^3$ against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Dermatophagoides farinae, and D. pteronyssinus, respectively. In the contact bioassay, the $LD_{50}$ values of L. japonicum oil were 8.02, 5.02, and $7.67{\mu}g/cm^2$ against T. putrescentiae, D. farinae, and D. pteronyssinus, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.652-654
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• 2002

Brine shrimp assay-guided fractionation and isolation of the EtOAc soluble fraction of Phryma leptostachya L. (Phrymacaceae) gave two active compounds, phrymarolin II (1) and ursolic acid (2), which were identified by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 exhibited potent lethality with $LD_{50}$ value of 0.0013 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, whereas 2 showed moderate lethality with $LD_{50}$ value of 27.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml against brine shrimp. The cytotoxic activities of 1 and 2 were also evaluated against one murine and five human cancer cell lines employing the sulforhodamin B (SRB) method. Compound 2 exhibited cytotoxic activity against L1210 and SK-MEL-2 cells with $ED_{50}$ values of 3.70 and 9.27 mg/ml, respectively, whereas 1 was devoid of any cytotoxic activity against all cancer cells tested.