• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2016

Background: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of lidocaine (LD) topical anesthetic spray against oral microflora. Methods: Antimicrobial effects of 10% LD spray were assessed against six bacterial cultures obtained from volunteers: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus sanguinis. The filter papers contained $50-{\mu}l$ LD, brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, or 0.2% chlorhexidine. Papers were placed on the cultured blood plates for 1-3 min. After the papers were removed, plates were incubated for 24 h. Bacterial growth on the contact areas was recorded as the antimicrobial score. The split mouth technique was use in for sample collection in clinical study. Filter papers soaked with either BHI broth or LD were placed on the right or left buccal mucosa for 1 min, and replaced with other papers to imprint biofilms onto the contact areas. Papers were placed on blood plates, incubated for 24 h, and antimicrobial scores were determined. Experiments were conducted for 2- and 3-min exposure times with a 1-day washout period. Results: LD exhibited bactericidal effects against E. coli, S. sanguinis, and S. salivarius within 1 min but displayed no effect against S. aureus, E. faecalis, and S. pyogenes. The antimicrobial effect of LD on oral microflora depended upon exposure time, similar to the results obtained from the clinical study (P < 0.05). LD showed 60-95% biofilm reduction on buccal mucosa. Conclusions: Antimicrobial activity of 10% LD topical anesthetic spray was increased by exposure time. The 3 min application reduced oral microflora in the buccal mucosa.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.361-369
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• 2023

The latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is a reliable option for breast reconstruction. This is particularly true in patients with contraindications to abdominally based autologous breast reconstruction. A systematic review of patient satisfaction and health related quality of life following LD breast reconstruction using the BREAST-Q survey was conducted. The scope of the review was to determine the degree of patient satisfaction following the procedure and to examine how patient satisfaction from the pedicled LD flap compares to other breast reconstructive procedures. A literature search on BREAST-Q in LD flap reconstruction was performed. Only articles written in English and in published peer-reviewed journals were included. Studies with less than 20 patients in their sample and those with a follow-up period of less than 1 year were excluded. Five articles representing 331 patients were reviewed, including one case-control study and four retrospective cohort studies. Level of evidence was either III (4) or IV (1). The average age was 53 with average body mass index of 25. Most reconstructions were delayed (67%) and unilateral (88%), and most patients required radiation (79%). The average length of follow-up was 36 months, and the response rate was 75%. Overall, patients who underwent LD flap reconstruction reported favorable outcomes in satisfaction domains and quality of life domains with few complications. A meta-analysis also demonstrated higher satisfaction in LD flap without implants compared with LD flap with implants. Patient-reported outcomes following LD breast reconstruction compare favorably with other techniques of breast reconstruction.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

This study was conducted to effect a complex fertilizer treatment on a recovery of damaged turfgrass caused by competing with tree at area under trees, and to seek for effective management system on damaged areas under trees in golf courses. Available phosphorous and potassium were enough to grow up turfgrass in plots of East valley and Ji San Golf Club. But these plots were acid soil ranged from pH 5.3 to pH 5.5, so that lime fertilizer was required for improving the chemical of soil. The effect on complex fertilizer showed significant f3r the recovery of damaged turfgrass. Turfgrass recovery ratio by complex fertilizer was better in low-density(LD) section of fertilizer than in high-density(HD) section of control. As the result of surveying turfgrass characters according to dates, dry matters in HD sections of control plots were higher than these in LD sections of fertilizer plots in 6 Aug. before sprinkling a complex fertilizer. But dry matters in LD section of fertilizer were, on the contrary, higher than in 6 Sep. after sprinkling complex fertilizer. In view of the result so far conducted, a turfgrass recovery to LD sections of complex fertilizer was batter than that of HD sections of control. Sprinkling complex fertilizer on turfgrass damaged by competing with trees will maintain the turfgrass growth, even though happen to compete between trees and turfgrass.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 2007

This study was conducted to obtain acute information of the oral dose toxicity of PGB-1, a novel polyglucosamine polymer produced from a new strain Enterobacter sp. BL-2 in male and female mice. In order to calculated 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 (vehicle control) ml/kg (body wt.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation and organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after dosing with PGB-1. We could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings. In addition, significant changes in the organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were not observed except for some sporadic findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that PGB-1 may not be toxic in mice and may be therefore safe for clinical use. The $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of PGB-1 were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2001

The current study was performed to determine the acute oral toxicity of a crude extract of sanghwang mushroom (Phellinus linteus), in SD rats. 5 rats of each sex were orally treated with a single dose of extract of sanghwang mushroom at doses of 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 mg/kg, respectively. After the treatment, clinical signs and body weight change, the food and water consumption were observed for 14 days. All animals survived during the study and did not show any clinical signs. Body weight gain showed no significant difference between the control and treated rats. However, body weight gain delayed in high dose group (2,000 mg/kg) on day 1~3 after administration. Another 5 rats of each sex were orally treated with a single dose of extract of sanghwang mushroom at dosages 4,000, 5,000 mg/kg respectively, but all animals survived during the study and did not show any clinical signs. It is suggested that LD$_{50}$ of extract of sanghwang mushroom by oral administration was estimated to be over 5,000 mg/kg in both sexes of rats.s.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.168-174
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• 1985

The wavelength and output power of semiconductor laser is varying sensitively with temperature. It must be stabilized by the aid of some proper stabilization technique in order to use it as a radiative source for heterodyne optical communication, optical metrology, and high resolution spectroscopy. In this paper, the temperature of the thermal chamber was variable from -27$-50^{\circ}C$ to +73$-50^{\circ}C$ and the temperature stability was within ${\pm}2m{\circ}K$ or better.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2002

A single administration toxicity of (R)-JG-381 was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. In this study, rats were administered orally with dose of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg／kg of(R)-JG-381. We daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and gross findings fur 14 days after (R)-JG-381 administration. When we administered different doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg／kg, we found 5, 3, 5 and 5 male rats and 1, 4, 4 and 5 female rats dead within 1 day after administration, respectively. Some clinical signs(decrease of locomotor activity, decreased respiration rate, lacrimation, prone position) were observed during the experimental period. Our findings suggest that oral $LD_{50}s$(95% confidence limit) for male and female rats are 93.8mg／kg (28.8~161.6mg／kg) and 166.3mg／kg (89. I~284.8mg／kg), respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.61-61
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• 1995

1993년 국내토양으로부터 분리동정된 Streptomyces속 균주중 항종양성이 우수한 균주 3주(DKM104, DKM117, DKM409)를 선정하고 이들을 대량 배양하여 종양억제인자를 분리하고 시험관내 종양세포 독성능 및 생체내 항암활성능과 이들 물질생산과 PLASMID DNA와의 관련성, $LD_{50}$등을 시험하여 새로운 항종양물질의 개발을 목적으로 하였다. 분리선별균주의 배양조건을 확립하였으며 배양여액을 국성이 적은 유기용매로부터 큰쪽으로 단계적으로 유효성분을 추출하여 Gel Chromatography를 이용하여 유효성분을 분획하였다. 시험관내 항종양능 시험은 MTT colorimetric검정법을 이용하여 $IC_{50}$값을 산정하였으며 생체내 항종양능은 마국의 NIC에서 권장하는 tumor panel system에 따랐다. 선정된 균주의 plasmid 분리는 alkalin lysis법을 채택하였으며 agarose gel electrophoresis로 plasmid profile을 시험하였다. Novobiocin등을 이용하여 Curing test를 시행하였고 독성실험은 $LD_{50}$량을 구해 항암효과 측정시에 Maximum dost로 투여하였고 최고용량을 기준으로 일정한 공비를 적응하여 3단계의 투여량을 설정하였다.(중략)

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.197-199
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• 2015

The composition of the essential oil of Ligustrum japonicum leaves was determined by GC-MS analysis. The major constituents of L. japonicum leaf oil were germacrene D (40.50%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (13.63%), (-)-${\beta}$-elemene (6.42%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (5.73%), and $\delta$-cadinene (5.47%). The acaricidal activities of L. japonicum oil were evaluated against acaridae and pyroglyphid mites. In the fumigant bioassay, the $LD_{50}$ values of L. japonicum oil were 16.48, 12.38, and $15.63{\mu}g/cm^3$ against Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Dermatophagoides farinae, and D. pteronyssinus, respectively. In the contact bioassay, the $LD_{50}$ values of L. japonicum oil were 8.02, 5.02, and $7.67{\mu}g/cm^2$ against T. putrescentiae, D. farinae, and D. pteronyssinus, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.652-654
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• 2002

Brine shrimp assay-guided fractionation and isolation of the EtOAc soluble fraction of Phryma leptostachya L. (Phrymacaceae) gave two active compounds, phrymarolin II (1) and ursolic acid (2), which were identified by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 exhibited potent lethality with $LD_{50}$ value of 0.0013 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, whereas 2 showed moderate lethality with $LD_{50}$ value of 27.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml against brine shrimp. The cytotoxic activities of 1 and 2 were also evaluated against one murine and five human cancer cell lines employing the sulforhodamin B (SRB) method. Compound 2 exhibited cytotoxic activity against L1210 and SK-MEL-2 cells with $ED_{50}$ values of 3.70 and 9.27 mg/ml, respectively, whereas 1 was devoid of any cytotoxic activity against all cancer cells tested.