• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 1991

ABSTRACT - This study was performed to investigate the possible effect of Lactobacillus spp. on the growth and citrinin production by Penicillium citrinum. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei were grown with Pen. citrinum in modified APT broth containing 7% of glucose and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. Four inoculation procedures were used; (a) Lactobacillus spp. and Pen. citrinum were grown alone(Pc, Lb, and Lc), (b) both organisms were added simultaneously(ST; Pc+Lb and Pc+Lc), (c) Lactobacillus spp. was grown 3 days, then conidia of Pen. citrinum were added(LbPc and LcPc), and (d) Pen. citrinum was grown 3 days, then Lactbacillus spp. was added (PcLb and PcLc). At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 days of incubation, the growth of each organism, pH and total acidity of broth, and content of citrinin were determined. Lactobacillus spp. and Pen. citrinum, when grown associatively, influenced the growth of each other. It was observed that slower growth of Pen. citrinum when in the presence of Lactobacillus spp. than when the mold grew alone. Production of citrinin by Pen. citrinum was markedly less in the mixed culture. No apparent growth and toxin production was observed when the Lactobacillus spp. was grown 3 days, then conidia of Pen. citrinum were added(LbPc and LcPc). The above results indicate that another microorganism or competing microflora in the culture can affect the behavior of Pen. citrinum.trinum.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.503-510
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a water extract of L. cladonioides (LC) has an anti-obesity effect in 3T3-L1 cells and obese mice. Treatment of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with LC caused a significant increase in glycerol release and reduced the protein expression of the adipogenic transcription factors, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and C/$EBP{\alpha}$. In an animal model, obese mice were artificially induced by a high fat diet for 10 weeks. Experimental groups were treated with LC (100 mg/kg/day) by gavage for the next 10 weeks. At the end of experiment, the body weight of the LC group mice was reduced by 14.2% compared to the high fat diet (HFD) group. The treatment also decreased liver (31.0%), epididymal (18.0%) and retroperitoneal (19.3%) adipose tissue, and kidney (6.7%) weights, respectively, compared with those of the HFD group. LC prevented diet-induced increases in the serum level of TC (22.6%), TG (11.6%), and glucose (35.0%), respectively, compared with the HFD group. However, the HDL-C level was higher in the LC group (26.1%) than the HFD group. The results of this study thus suggest that LC suppressed lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic transcription factors, and increased the amount of glycerol release. LC also indicated an anti-obese and anti-hyperlipidemic effect.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2020

Background: Gintonin (GT), a novel ginseng-derived exogenous ligand of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors, has been shown to induce cell proliferation and migration in the hippocampus, regulate calcium-dependent ion channels in the astrocytes, and reduce β-amyloid plaque in the brain. However, whether GT influences autophagy in cortical astrocytes is not yet investigated. Methods: We examined the effect of GT on autophagy in primary cortical astrocytes using immunoblot and immunocytochemistry assays. Suppression of specific proteins was performed via siRNA. LC3 puncta was determined using confocal microscopy. Results: GT strongly upregulated autophagy marker LC3 by a concentration- as well as time-dependent manner via G protein-coupled LPA receptors. GT-induced autophagy was further confirmed by the formation of LC3 puncta. Interestingly, on pretreatment with an mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, GT further enhanced LC3-II and LC3 puncta expression. However, GT-induced autophagy was significantly attenuated by inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine and knockdown Beclin-1, Atg5, and Atg7 gene expression. Importantly, when pretreated with a lysosomotropic agent, E-64d/peps A or bafilomycin A1, GT significantly increased the levels of LC3-II along with the formation of LC3 puncta. In addition, GT treatment enhanced autophagic flux, which led to an increase in lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and degradation of ubiquitinated p62/SQSTM1. Conclusion: GT induces autophagy via mTOR-mediated pathway and elevates autophagic flux. This study demonstrates that GT can be used as an autophagy-inducing agent in cortical astrocytes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.305-310
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• 2004

We have studied the optimal phase retardation value of a homogeneously aligned liquid crystal (LC) driven by fringe-field when using the LC with positive dielectric anisotropy. In general, the transmittance of a homogeneous aligned LC cell under crossed polarizer is maximum when a twist angle of LC by in-plane rotation is 45$^{\circ}$ with polarizer and the cell retardation becomes λ/2. However, the device using the LC with positive dielectric anisotropy does not follow this since the degree of rotation of the LC is dependent on electrode position and in addition the LCs tilt up along the fringe-field. At the center of common and pixel electrode, the LC is most twisted around a middle position of a cell whereas at the edge position of pixel electrode, the LC is most twisted near bottom surface of a cell. Consequently, the optimal phase retardation of the device becomes much larger than λ/2 and the transmittance can be described using the combination of the in-plane switching and twisted nematic mode.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.50-59
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• 2007

IP address lookup is one of the most important and complex functions in the router. In this paper, we propose an improved technique of LC-trie to increase the performance of IP address lookup in the high performance router. We effectively apply the prefix pruning method, which is used for the compression of the forwarding table in TCAM((Ternary Content Addressable Memory), to the LC-trie. This technique can decrease the number of memory accesses and upgrade the lookup speed. Moreover, through the real forwarding table and the real traffic distribution, we evaluate the performance of our scheme in terms of the lookup time and the number of memory access, comparing with that of the previous LC-trie.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-32
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• 2009

Objective : This study was designed to investigate anti-cancer and whitening activities (LC). So it was investigated the effects of LC on proliferation rates of melanoma genetic profile by LC. Methods : The genetic profile for the effect of LC on human derived melanoma cell, SK-MEL-2, was measured using microarray technique, and the functional analysis on these genes were conducted. Total 441 genes were up-regulated and 830 genes down-regulated in cells treated with LC. Genes induced or suppressed by LC were all mainly concerned with basic signalling pathways, which are involved in cell growth, differentiation and migration. Especially, many genes, which are related in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were up-regulated by treatment with LC, and genes related in cell cycle were down-regulated. Result : The network of total protein interactions were identified by using cytoscape program, and some key molecules, such as BCL2L1, SIN3A, SMAD2 and c-myc that can be used for elucidation of therapeutical mechanism of medicine in the future. Conclusion : These results suggest possibility of LC as addition drug and whitening cosmetics. In addition, it was also suggested that related mechanisms are involved in BCL2L1, SIN3A, SMAD2 and c-myc related signalling pathways.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.133-134
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• 2021

Limestone-calcined clay-Cement (LC3) concrete provides a solution for sustainability, durability, and profitability of concrete industry. This study shows experimental studies of the macro properties (residual compressive strength), the meso properties (mesoscopic images), and micro properties (thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectra, Raman spectra, Mercury intrusion porosimetry, and SEM) of LC3 paste with various mixtures and at high elevated temperatures (20 ℃, 300 ℃, 550 ℃ and 900 ℃). We find (1) Regarding to macro properties, LC3 cementitious materials are at a disadvantage in compressive strength when the temperature is higher than 300 ℃. (2) Regarding to meso properties, when the temperature reached 550 ℃, all samples generated more meso cracks. (3) Regarding to micro properties, first, as the substitution amount increases, its CH content decreases significantly; second, at 900 ℃, for samples with calcined clay, a large amount of gehlenite crystalline phase was found; third, at elevated temperatures (20 ℃, 300 ℃, 550 ℃ and 900 ℃), there is a linear relationship between the residual compressive strength and the cumulative pore volume; fourth, at 900 ℃, a large amount of dicalcium silicate was generated, and damage cracks were more pronounced. The experimental results of this study are valuable of material design of fire resistance of LC3 concrete.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.424-430
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• 2016

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway of the lysosome, is associated with many physiological and pathological processes. The hallmark of autophagy is the formation of the autophagosome that engulfs and degrades cytosolic components via its fusion with the lysosome, in either a selective or a non-selective manner. Autophagy is tightly regulated by proteins encoded by autophagy-related (atg) genes. Among these proteins, ATG8/LC3 is essential for autophagosome biogenesis/maturation and it also functions as an adaptor protein for selective autophagy. In mammalian cells, several homologs of yeast Atg8 such as MAP1LC3, GABARAP, and GABARAPL 1/2 have been identified. However, the biological relevance of this gene diversity in higher eukaryotes, and their specific roles, are largely unknown. In this review, we describe the mammalian ATG8/LC3 family and discuss recent advancements in understanding their roles in the autophagic process.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2012

To develop a new starter culture for Mozzarella cheese, the immunomodulatory action of Streptococcus macedonicus LC743 in male C57BL/6 mice was studied. Mice were fed for 7 wk with feed containing 1% Mozzarella cheese made with three kinds of starter cultures from S. macedonicus LC743 (G3), FD-DVS TCC-3 (G2) and S. macedonicus LC743 : FD-DVS TCC-3(1:1) (G4) and control (feed only, G1), respectively. No significant differences in body weight gain were observed among the various groups of mice. The spleen index and thymus index were observed and no significant differences were found among the groups. The production of TNF-${\alpha}$ of S. macedonicus LC743 group significantly increased compared to the control group. The production of IL-$1{\beta}$ was significantly enhanced by the feeding of S. macedonicus LC743 group compared to the control group. In regards to the white blood cell counts, the neutrophil percentages were significantly higher in the G1 group compared to other groups. The lymphocyte percentages were significantly higher in G2, G3 and G4 groups in comparison to the control group. The results of this study may suggest that the supplementation of S. macedonicus LC743 can increase the cytokine production activity by the activated macrophages in mice. Based on the result of this study, it could be concluded that S. macedonicus LC743 could stimulate the immune functions of mice.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.122-127
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• 2005

New classes of LC resonators for micro magnetic sensor device were proposed and fabricated. The first type LC resonator (Type I) consists of a small piece of microwire and two cylindrical electrodes at the end of the microwire without direct contact to its ferromagnetic core. In type I resonator the ferromagnetic core of the microwire and cylindrical electrodes act as an inductor and two capacitors respectively to form a LC circuit. The second type LC resonator (Type II) consists of a solenoidal micro-inductor with a bundle of soft magnetic microwires as a core. The solenoidal micro-inductors fabricated by MEMS technique were $500\sim1,000\;\mu{m}$ in length with $10\sim20$ turns. A capacitor is connected in parallel to the micro-inductor to form a LC circuit. A tiny glass coated $CO_{83.2}B_{3.3}Si_{5.9}Mn_{7.6}$ microwire was fabricated by a glass-coated melt spinning technique. A supergiant magneto-impedance effect was found in a type I resonator as much as 400,000% by precise tuning frequency at around 518.51 MHz. In type II resonator the changes of inductance as a function of external magnetic field in micro-inductors with properly annealed microwire cores were varied as much as 370%. The phase angle between current and voltage was also strongly dependent on the magnetic field. The drastic increments of magnetoimpedance at near the resonance frequency were observed in both types of LC resonators. Accordingly, the sudden change of the phase angle, as large as $180^{\circ}C$, evidenced the occurrence of the resonance at a given external magnetic field.