• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2001

In this paper it was described on the intereference effect of uranium to analyze Cs in $UO_2$ by Electron Probe Micro Analysis(EPMA) and the beam stability of Cs $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray intensity for some Cs compounds. According to the experimental results, the CsI showed the highest $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray intensity among the tested Cs compounds at the experimental condition; 15~30 kV of accelerating voltage and PET, LiF crystal. When 100 nA of beam current was applied to Cs compounds, Cs $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray intensity was continuously decreased with increasing time. The decreasing rate of Cs $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray intensity was directly proportional to the applied beam current and accelerating voltage but inversely proportional to the applied beam size. It was found that uranium interference can be prevented by using Cs $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray wavelength of Lif crytal for Cs analysis in $UO_2$ by EPMA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.651-663
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• 2016

Corn silk, Job's tears, Lentinus edodes, and apple peel 70% ethanol extracts (CS, JT, LE, and AP) were studied for their antioxidant activities. CS among all extracts showed the highest antioxidant activities based on total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. Adipocyte differentiation was investigated by Oil Red O staining assay using CS, JT, LE, AP, and extract of developed bread containing corn silk, Job's tears, Lentinus edodes, and apple peel (DB) treated to 3T3-L1 adipocytes. DB1 and DB2 showed anti-adipogenic and antioxidant effects. Triglyceride (TG) accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells was measured, and among the samples tested (CS, JT, LE, and AP), CS was found to have the highest inhibitory activity against TG accumulation of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and regulated factors associated with adipogenesis. CS suppressed lipid droplet formation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. We examined the effects of CS on the levels of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein ${\beta}(C/EBP{\beta})$, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ${\gamma}(PPAR{\gamma})$, and adipocyte-specific lipid binding protein (aP2) mRNA as well as protein levels in 3T3-L1 cells treated with CS at various concentrations (0, 10, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$) during adipocyte differentiation and treatment with CS in 3T3-L1 adipocytes down-regulated expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and aP2 mRNA. CS also significantly inhibited up-regulation of $C/EBP{\beta}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, and aP2 proteins during adipocyte differentiation. These data indicate that DBs have anti-adipogenic activity induced by CS in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and CS exerts anti-adipogenic activity by inhibiting expression of $C/EBP{\beta}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, and aP2 signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. JT, LE, and AP had no inhibitory effects on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but displayed strong antioxidant effects. These results suggest that the developed bread may be a health beneficial food that can prevent or treat obesity and diseases induced by oxidative stress.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.99-118
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• 2011

Research on strategic Code-Switching (CS) of second language learners in teaching English in English (TEE) program provides an elaborate framework for analyzing how learners manage to express themselves in spite of their limited knowledge of the target language. This research presupposes that L2 learners' CS presents innovative solutions for communicative strategy, and that CS used as communicative strategy can promote L2 learners' language acquisition. The major questions of current research involve examining the significant patterns of different functions of CS in L2 learners' interaction and investigating L2 learners' CS styles according to the different functions of CS. The implication of CS utility is regarded as a teaching technique in the TEE program. Recorded transcript is analyzed to trace the same pattern and the categorization of CS as well as to recognize the functions of CS and their ratio. Hence, this leads to the conclusion that learners' negotiation between code selection and communication intention occurs in patterns. The learners' CS tends to be predictable, reproductive, and systematic, as one of the language acquisition phases. Therefore, the attention to the CS in the TEE program should be redirected in communication substantiality toward the principles of pragmatics. As an additional advantage of the CS analysis, this research elaborates on a conceptual acceptance of CS as a set of learners' strategies in the TEE program.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.2623-2626
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• 2003

GPS provides two services which include SPS(Standard Positioning Service) and PPS(Precise Positioning Service). While SPS users can navigate in more precise due to cancellation of SA(Selective Availability), SPS users has still less precision navigation than PPS users. L1/L2CS integrated receiver can provide more precise navigation to SPS users because the delay of Ionosphere will be cancelled by using two frequencies (L1 and L2). This paper designs an integrated L1/L2CS digital correlator to prepare the L2C signal that will be provided in 2003. Also L2CS transmitter is designed to confirm L2CS correlator.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.238-238
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• 1996

각종 동물 및 인체 신장 유래 DHP-I에 의한 DA-1131, imipenem(IPM) 및 meropenem(MEPM)의 속도 상수를 측정한 결과, DA-1131은 동물종에 관계없이 가장 안정성이 큰 결과를 나타내었고, 인체 DHP-I에 대한 Vmax/Km 값이 IPM의 21.9%로 관찰되어 IPM보다 하위 기질인 것으로 확인되었다. DA-1131, IPM/CS 및 MEPM/CS의 20mg/kg투여 후의 혈중농도 반감기(T$_{1}$2/)는 각각 11.4분, 8.9분, 10.3분이었으며, 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 이상의 혈중농도룰 유지하는 시간은 66.6 분, 55.9 분, 63.1 분이었다. DA-1131, DA-l131/CS, IPM/CS, MEPM 및 MEPM/CS의 40 mg/kg 투여 후 24시간 동안의 뇨중 배설율은 57.9 %, 61.3%, 22.6 %, 11.3% 및 65.9%이었으며, 각 약물을 40 mg/kg 투여 15분 후 DA-ll3l의 폐중 농도는 11.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/g으로 DA-l131/CS, IPM/CS 및 MEPM/CS와 비슷한 결과를 나타내었으며 T/P ratio도 DA-1131, DA-l131/CS, IPM/CS 와 MEPM/CS 투여군에서 거의 동일한 것으로 확인되었다. 신장중 농도는 DA-1131 과 DA-l131/CS의 경우 29.l$\mu\textrm{g}$/g 및 34.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/g으로 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, IPM/CS, MEPM 및 MEPM/CS 투여군에 비하여는 높은 결과로 나타났고 T/P ratio도 DA-1131과 DA-l131/CS 투여군이 IPM/CS, MEPM 및 MEPM/CS 투여군보다 놓은 것으로 확인되었다.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.45.2-45.2
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• 2018

CS molecule is known to be adsorbed onto dust in cold dense cores, causing its significant depletion in the center region of cores. This study is aimed to investigate the depletion of CS molecule with optically thin $C^{34}S$ molecular line observations, including significance of its differentiation depending on the evolutionary status of the dense cores. We mapped five evolved starless cores, L1544, L1552, L1689B, L694-2 and L1197 using two molecular lines, $C^{34}S$ (J=2-1) and $N_2H^+$ (J=1-0) with NRO 45 m telescope. The $H^2$ column density and temperature structures of each targets were obtained by SED fitting for Herschel continuum images and the internal number density profiles by model fitting. All of the integrated intensity maps of $C^{34}S$ show depletion holes and 'semi-ring-like' distribution, indicating that the depletion of CS is clear and general. The radial profiles of CS abundance also show significant decrease towards the core center, while $N_2H^+$ abundance is almost constant or enhanced. We find that the more evolved cores with higher $H^2$ density tend to have a stronger depletion of CS. Our data strongly support claims that CS molecule generally depletes out in the central regions of starless dense cores and such chemical differentiation is closely related to their evolution.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.62.1-62.1
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• 2014

We present preliminary results on the chemical differentiation of two dense gas tracers CS and $N_2H^+$ in five 'evolved' starless cores, L1544, L1552, L1689B, L694-2 and L1197, using our mapping observations in $C^{34}S$(J=2-1) and $N_2H^+$(J=1-0) with Nobeyama 45-m telescope. We compared the intensity maps of two molecular lines with 850 ${\mu}m$ continuum data which precisely trace the density distribution of the dense cores, finding that all of our targets show the central depletion holes in CS distribution, but the similar distribution in $N_2H^+$ to the one in dust continuum. Our data confirm the claim that CS molecule generally deplete out in the central region in starless cores, while $N_2H^+$ keep abundant as they get evolved. The detailed quantitative analysis on CS depletion in the dense cores, for example, the size of CS depletion area and radial (or gas density) dependence of CS depletion, is underway and will be presented in the meeting.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.160-169
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• 2014

44 compounds and 9 minerals were isolated from and detected in the New Zealand deer velvet antler Cervus elaphus var. scoticus L$\ddot{o}$nnberg. The chemical structures of (1 - 26) were identified on the basis of the spectroscopic methods and comparisons with literature, respectively. The structures were identified as cholesterol (CS, 6), 7-keto-CS (7), $7{\beta}$-hydroxy-CS (8), and $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-CS (9), and included 12 steroid $3{\beta}$-O-(palmitic/stearic/myristic acid esters; PM/SA/MS) [CS-$3{\beta}$-O-PM (1 - 1), CS-$3{\beta}$-O-SA (1 - 2), CS-$3{\beta}$-O-MR (1 - 3), 7-keto-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-PM (2 - 1), 7-keto-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-SA (2 - 2), 7-keto-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-MR (2 - 3), $7{\beta}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-SA (3 -1), $7{\beta}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-PM (3 - 2), $7{\beta}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-MR (3 - 3), $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-SA (4 - 1), $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-PM (4 - 2), and $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-MR (4 - 3)], dinonyl phthalate (5), 8 nucleic acids analogues [uracil (10), deoxyguanosine (11), deoxyuridine (12), uridine (13), deoxyadenosine (14), adenosine (15), inosine (16), and guanosine (17)], and the 9 free amino acids [L-phenylalanine (18), L-isoleucine (19), L-leucine (20), L-tyrosine (21), L-valine (22), L-proline (23), L-threonine (24), L-alanine (25), and L-hydroxyproline (26)]. Also, there are 8 kinds of amino acids [asparagine, serine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, arginine, methionine, and lysine], 2 sialic acids [N-acetylneuraminic acid (27), ketodeoxynonulosonic acid (28)], and 9 minerals [Na > K > Ca > Mg > Fe > Zn > B > Al > Cu] were detected from the autoaminoacid analyzer and ICP spectrometer, HPAEC-PAD/HPLC-FLD, respectively. 9 kinds of oxycholesterol-$3{\beta}$-O-fatty acid ester (2 - 1, 2 - 2, 2 - 3, 3 - 1, 3 - 2, 3 - 3, 4 - 1, 4 - 2, and 4 - 3) and 3 nucleic acids (12, 14, and 15) were isolated from the velvet antler for the first time. 6 kinds of steroids (7, 8, 9, 2 - 1, 3 - 1, and 4 - 1) were examined for their anti-proliferative effects against L1210, P388D1, K562, MEG-01, KG-1, MOLT-4, A549, HepG2, MCF-7, SK-OV-3, and SW-620 cancer cell lines. They showed anti-proliferative effects with $IC_{50}$ values of 0.06, 2.16, 2.42, > 50.0, 1.66 and $8.31{\mu}M$ against L1210, while the values were 24.05, 9.44, 5.22, 0.25. 9.48 and $49.77{\mu}M$ against P388D1, respectively. The others were inactive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.888-892
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• 2000

Antimicrobial activity of Caesalpina sappan L. extract (CS extract) against 6 kinds of food spoilage and pathogenic organisms was studied. The growth of Listeria monocytogenes Brie 1, Escherichis coli ATCC 11775, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 11775, and Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 11775 was inhibited about 4 to 5 $log_{10}$ cycle in Tryptic soy Broth(TSB) containing 1% CS extract. Bacillus subtilis KCTC 102 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ACTT 17802 did not show apparent growth in the same medium. Effect of CS extract on preservation of ground meat was also investigated. The range of pH change was 5.0~5.2 in CS extract added ground meat, 5.2~6.0 in CS extract not added ground meat (control) during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Number of total bacteria after 15 days storage was $10^{6}$/g in CS extract added ground meat, 10$^3$/g in control. Redness of ground meats was improved significantly by addition of 1% CS extract during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The sensory quality of 1% CS extract added hamburger patty was similar to that of the control in taste, flavor, and overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 1987

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate effects of spray volumes and surfactants, L-77 and Triton CS-7 on leaf retention of glyphosate in Zea mays, Hordeum vulgare, Artemisia princeps, Trifolium repens and Equisetum arvense. Leaf retention was increased when glyphosate with L-77 or Triton CS-7 was applied in a spray volumes of 10-20 l/10a in Zea mays and 40 l/10a in Artemisia princeps but decreased when spray volumes were higher than above volumes and 40-80 l/10a in Trifolium repens. Hordeum vulgare leaves retained more spray when glyphosate with L-77 or Triton CS-7 was applied in all spray volumes tested. Equisetum arvense retained higher amount of spray by application of glyphosate with L-77 compared with Triton CS-7 and no surfactant treatments.