• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

Although it is well documented that patients with cochlear implant experience hearing difficulties when processing their first language, very little is known whether or not and to what extent cochlear implant patients recognize segments in a second language. This preliminary study examines how Korean learners of English identify English segments in a normal hearing and cochlear implant simulation conditions. Participants heard English vowels and consonants in the following three conditions: normal hearing condition, 12-channel noise vocoding with 0mm spectral shift, and 12-channel noise vocoding with 3mm spectral shift. Results confirmed that nonnative listeners could also retrieve spectral information from vocoded speech signal, as they recognized vowel features fairly accurately despite the vocoding. In contrast, the intelligibility of manner and place features of consonants was significantly decreased by vocoding. In addition, we found that spectral shift affected listeners' vowel recognition, probably because information regarding F1 is diminished by spectral shifting. Results suggest that patients with cochlear implant and normal hearing second language learners would experience different patterns of listening errors when processing their second language(s).

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.179-193
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• 2002

This study aims to examine the forming procedure of consumer satisfaction from Internet shopping experience. Many studies on the satisfaction have primarily focused on the examination of the antecedents of satisfaction along with the expectation-disconfirmation paradigm dominating the former studies. This study has built an Internet shopping expectation-disconfirmation model as to apply the expectation-disconfirmation into the condition of the Internet shopping. The summary of study represented in following. l. The expectation of risk and performance of benefit had a significantly positive effect on the perceived disconfirmation. In addition, an expectation of benefit and performance of risk had a significantly negative effect on the perceived disconfirmation. 2. A performance of risk and performance of benefit not only had a significantly indirect effect, but also a significantly direct effect on the consumer satisfaction. But expectation of risk and expectation of benefit had no significant direct effect on satisfaction. 3. Not only the perceived disconfirmation had a significant positive effect on satisfaction, but also an effect of the perceived disconfirmation on satisfaction(0.472) is larger than that of the performance of risk or performance of benefit. Meaning that, it is desirable for one to apply the expectation-disconfirmation model into the Internet shopping circumstances as much as the off-line markets.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.77-88
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• 2011

Foreign accent in second language production depends heavily on the transfer of features from the first language. This study examines acoustic variations in segments and suprasegments by native and nonnative speakers of English, searching for patterns of the transfer and plausible indexes of foreign accent in English. The acoustic variations are analyzed with recorded read speech by 20 native English speakers and 50 Korean learners of English, in terms of vowel formants, vowel duration, and syllabic variation induced by stress. The results show that the acoustic measurements of vowel formants and vowel and syllable durations display difference between native speakers and nonnative speakers. The difference is robust in the production of lax vowels, diphthongs, and stressed syllables, namely the English-specific features. L1 transfer on L2 specification is found both at the segmental levels and at the suprasegmental levels. The transfer levels measured as groups and individuals further show a continuum of divergence from the native-like target. Overall, the eldest group, students who are in the graduate schools, shows more native-like patterns, suggesting weaker foreign accent in English, whereas the high school students tend to involve larger deviation from the native speakers' patterns. Individual results show interdependence between segmental transfer and prosodic transfer, and correlation with self-reported proficiency levels. Additionally, experience factors in English such as length of English study and length of residence in English speaking countries are further discussed as factors to explain the acoustic variation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

To solve the combustion instability, especially chuffing phenomena, happened during development process of a drive-away motor that was required for cold launch system of missile, various technical approaches have been performed through ground firing tests. The ignition energy or its supply system, generally closely related with the chuffing phenomena, does not affect suppression of the chuffing, but the increase of characteristic length($L^*$) as well as the addition of 2% ZrC as a damping material is effective to suppress the chuffing. Therefore we could have a typical experience on the combustion instability in double base propellant.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-205
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• 2003

The purpose： This study was to get database of health service for smoking prevention through investigating the state of the students' experience, knowledge and attitude on smoking. Method： The subjects were cosisted of 545 students who were currently enrolled in 3, 4, 5 and 6th grade of 4 primary school in J community. The instruments for this study were Smoking Knowledge and Smoking Attitude questionaire (40 items) developed by WHO(l982). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOY A and Chi- square test with SAS program were used to analyze the data. Result： Among the students 10.8％ answered they had the experience of smoking, while 0.5％ said they are current smokers. The experience of smoking related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to sex, grade and received or not received of smoking exhort. With regard to smokers smoking behavior, first beginning time of smoking was most by 29.8％ preschooler and the first motive of smoking was most by 80.8％ curiosity. The main smoking area is most by 31.1 ％ own house or friend's house. The main purchase route of tobacco appeared by thing which house(father or brother's tobacco) most by 34.9％. Smoking period was most less than 1 day and smoking frequency was most stops while bum sometimes. The amount for a day was less than one cigarette. Smoking time was appeared highest when curiosity occurs. Students' knowledge level about smoking prevention is high comparatively to mean 15.44(±2.66). Smoking prevention knowledge level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to the grade, academic score and learned or not of smoking prevention. Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention knowledge level is high in students who results high grade, high academic score level and learned of smoking prevention. Students' attitude level about smoking prevention was high level to mean 55.90(±3.58). Smoking prevention attitude level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to academy score and received or not of smoking exhort(t＝2.33, p＝.020). Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention attitude level is high in students who result high academic score level and received of smoking exhort group. Conclusion： It follows from this study that education for smoking prevention should be continued from lower grade students and teaching for refusal skill against smoking is needed.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-206
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• 2015

The dissemination of smart appliances, along with the development of the latest information and communication technology has an effect on society. Their application can be seen in the smart learning environment, by use of digital textbooks with smart devices in the classroom. Hence in this study, the 4L-ACC activity using digital textbooks was applied in the third grade social studies class to improve critical thinking and problem solving skills of elementary school students. This study compared and analyzed the impact in critical thinking and problem-solving skills using digital textbooks versus standard social studies classes. As a result, in social studies classes that used the 4L-ACC activity compared to common social studies classes, elementary student's problem understanding, critical thinking, problem resolution, reflective thinking, and all lower areas of critical thinking and problem-solving were improved. In conclusion, using digital textbooks enhance student's ability to think critically and problem solve. This should provide learners a more comprehensive learning experience and therefore be integrated into more education environment.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2010

Purpose: To estimate the viral suppressive effect of entecavir monotherapy in Korean children and adolescents with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Methods: One milligram of entecavir was administered once daily to 6 patients (4 boys; mean age, 17.5 years; range, 15.10~24.6 years) with lamivudine-resistant CHB for a mean duration of therapy of 13.4 months (range, 1~21.1 months). The therapeutic results were compared with 11 patients who received adefovir (0.3 mg/kg/day [maximal dose 10 mg]) for at least 12 months (mean, 33.4 months; range, 12.4~58.3 months). The serum HBV DNA level and serologic markers were measured every 2 months. Results: The interval to a HBV DNA titer decrement (>1 $log_{10}$) was 1.2${\pm}$0.2 and 4.4${\pm}$5.2 months (p=0.185) for the entecavir and adefovir groups, respectively. The interval to a HBV DNA titer decrement (>2 $log_{10}$) was 2.4${\pm}$2.3 and 9.2${\pm}$7.3 months (p=0.025), for the entecavir and adefovir groups, respectively. Conclusion: The therapeutic efficacy of entecavir was favorable in children and adolescents, especially in shortening the interval to a >2 $log_{10}$ decrement in the HBV DNA titer. Long-term follow up is needed to determine the therapeutic efficacy of entecavir for lamivudine-resistant CHB in children and adolescents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.762-771
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was undertaken in order to determine factors affecting health promoting lifestyle of elderly women. Method: The subjects were 299 elderly community residing women over the age 65 living in 2 large cities. The instruments used for this study were a survey of general characteristics, health promoting lifestyle(47items), perceived health status(6 items), self-efficacy(l7 items), and social support(18 items). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. Result: The result of the study are as follows: The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was 2.46, the highest score on the subscale was interpersonal support(M=2.83). A significant difference between age, education level, income, experience of smoking, alcohol, exercise, and health promoting lifestyle were found. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting lifestyle was social support(55%). Conclusion: Social support accounted for 54% of the variance in health promoting lifestyle in the elderly women. Therefore, health promoting programs that increase social support should be developed to promote a healthy lifestyle of the elderly women.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.970-979
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• 1989

From April 1982 to December, 1988, multiple valve replacement was performed in 49 patients. Mitral and aortic valve replacement were done in 42 patients, 4 underwent mitral and tricuspid valve replacement and 3 patients underwent triple valve replacement. Of the valve implanted, 50 were Duromedics, 21 St. Jude, 13 Bjork-Shiley, 9 Carpentier-Edwards, 6 Ionescu-Shiley, and 2 Medtronic. The hospital mortality rate was 28.5 % [14 patients] and the late mortality rate was 6.1 % [3 patients], the mortality rate was high in early operative period but decreased with time. [20% at 1986, 18.2 % at 1987, 9.5% at 1988] The causes of death were low cardiac output in 8, congestive heart failure in 2, multiple organ failure in 1, LV rupture in 1, intracerebral hemorrhage in 1 and sudden death in l. The actuarial survival rate excluding operative death was 77% at 7 years.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.123-147
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• 2002

As far as the recent ELT research concerned, it seems to have been no hot ‘theoretical’ issues, but ‘practical’ ones in general: e.g., learners and learning, components of proficiency, correlates of L2 learning, etc. This paper focuses on the theme given above, with a special reference to the sub-title: specifically, 1) World English, world Englishes and world's lingua franca; 2) ENL, ESL and EFL; 3) Grammars, style manuals, dictionaries and media; 4) Pronunciation models: RP, BBC model and General American, Network Standard; 5) Lexical, grammatical variations and discourse grammars; 6) Beliefs and subjective theories in foreign language research; 7) Dilemma among radical, canonical and eclectic views. In conclusion, the author offers a modest proposal: we need to appeal to our own experience, intention, feeling and purpose, that is, our identity to express “our own selves” in our contexts toward the world anywhere, if not sounding authentic enough, but producing it plausibly well. It is time for us (with our ethno-cultural autonomy) to need to be complementary to and parallel with its native speakers' linguistic-cultural authenticity in terms of the broadest mutual understanding.