• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.479-484
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• 2013

This study was performed to examine the effect of copper on the biodegradability, nitrification, denitrification and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) using batch reactor and continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic ($A_2/O$). The results of this study can be summarized as follows. In the case of the effect of copper on organic treatment, the bad effect initiated when it was above 4.5 mg/L copper with batch reactor and above 2.0 mg/L copper with CSTR. Concerning the case on nitrification and removal of nitrogen, it showed bad effect when copper was above 4.5 mg/L with batch reactor for nitrification and 1.0 mg/L with CSTR for the removal of nitrogen. The bad effect on the removal of phosphorus began when it was 4.5 mg/L copper with batch reactor and 2 mg/L copper with CSTR. In the case of OUR, it decreased as microbial activity was affected when copper concentration was above 1.5 mg/L in both case of batch reactor and CSTR.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 1991

This study was performed to investigate the effect of heavy metals and CN on BOD$_{5}$ measurement. The results were as follows: 1. The BOD$_{5}$ value decreased 20% in Cd(CdCl$_{2}$) 3.0mg/l, Ni(NiCl$_{2}$) 7.0mg/l, Cu(CuCl$_{2}$) 0.5mg/l, Pb($Pb(NO_{3})_{2}$) 9.0mg/l, Cr($K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$) 1.0mg/l respectively. 2. The BOD$_{5}$ value decreased 10% in Zn($Zn(NO_{3})_{2}$) 5 mg/l, Fe(FeCl$_{3}$) 20mg, /l, and 25% in CN(KCN) 5mg/l, and 40% in Hg(HgCl$_{2}$) 0.2rng/l. 3. In Comparion with BOD Rapid Analyzer, the above mentioned heavy metals concentrations have no effect on BOD$_{5}$ value of that analyzer except CN.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.47-53
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• 1997

By using a premixed laminar burner, the effect of mixture component on laminar burning velocity($S_L$) was investigated. The following was made clear ; (1)As the humidity$(H_2O)$, $CO_2$ and Ar in mixture is increased, $S_L$ decreased in proportion to quantity of those dilution gases. (2) The heat reaction theory says that mean thermal conductivity $(\lambda_m)$, specific heat $(C_{pm})$ of mixture and adiabatic flame temperatures $(T_b)$ affect $S_L$. As a result of theoretical analysis, the effect of $\lambda_m\;and\;C_{pm}$ on $S_L$ is less than 1/25 of the effect of $T_b$, so the effect of $\lambda_m\;and\;C_{pm}$ can be ignored. (3) From experimental results, it was confirmed that $\ln(S_L)$ is proportional to $(1/T_b)$, that is, the effect of $H_2O$ on $S_L$ is mainly caused by changes of $T_b$. This conclusion was verified by the fact increases of $H_2O,\;CO_2$ and Ar decrease the intensity of radiation typical $C_2$, CH, and OH in the same manner.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.839-842
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• 1995

In its study, We investigated the effects of Areca catechu L on the growth and acid production of Streptococcus mutans JC-2 in broth system and the activity of glucosyltransferase. The results were summarized as follow; 1. The growth of Streptococcus mutans JC-2 was suppressed by adding Areca catechu L in broth system. Especially, its inhibitory effect was significant at 2,000ppm of concentration. 2. Areca catechu L decreased the acid production of Streptococcus mutans JC-2. Decrease of pH according to acid production was less in presence of Areca catechu L than in absence. 3. Areca catechu L exerted the inhibitory effect against glucosyltransferase activity form Streptococcus mutans JC-2.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.369-376
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• 2008

In the present study, we investigated the radioprotective effect of cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl) on irradiated rat lungs to determine its potential as a radioprotective agent. We found that early lung damage induced by irradiation was reduced by treatment with 40mg/kg of cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl) in the latent and early pneumonitis phases. Expression of $TNF-{\alpha}\;and\;TGF-{\beta}1$ at 2 and TGF-${\beta}1$ at 8 weeks post-irradiation was decreased in animals that received both radiation and cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl) compared with animals that received radiation alone. Evidence indicated that the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-${\alpha}$ and the fibrogenic cytokine TGF-${\beta}1$ likely play a role in the radioprotective effect of cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl). However, besides TNF-${\alpha}$ and TGF-${\beta}1$ expressions, the precise mechanism by which cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl) ameliorates the induced radiation damage is not clear.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.141-154
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was undertaken to define the effect of Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium on phenylephrine-induced arterial contraction and the mechanism of Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Foliuminduced relaxation. Methods : In order to investigate the effect of Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium on contracted rabbit carotid arterial strips, transverse strips with intact or damaged endothelium were used for the experiment using organ bath. Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium extract was infused into contracted arterial strips induced by phenylephrine. To analyze the mechanism of Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium-induced relaxation, Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium extract was infused into contracted arterial strips induced by phenylephrine after treatment with indomethacin, $N{\omega}-nitro-L-arginine$, methylene blue or tetraethylammonium chloride, and $Ca^{2+}$ was infused into contracted arterial strips induced by phenylephrine after treatment of Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium in a $Ca^{2+}$-free solution. Results : Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium showed relaxation effect on arterial strip with endothelium contracted by phenylephrine, but in the strips without endothelium, Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium-induced relaxation was significantly inhibited. The endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium was decreased by pretreatment with $N{\omega}-nitro-L-arginine$ or methylene blue but it was not observed in the strips pretreated with indomethacin or tetraethylammonium chloride. When $Ca^{2+}$ was applied to the strips which were contracted by phenylephrine in a $Ca^{2+}$-free solution, arterial contraction was increased. However, pretreatment with Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium inhibited contractile response to $Ca^{2+}$. Conclusions : Diospyros kaki L. Radix or Diospyros kaki L. Folium may suppress influx of extra- cellular $Ca^{2+}$ through the formation of nitric oxide in the vascular endothelial cells.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 1973

The effect of biotin and biotin vitamer on the fermentative production of L-glutamic acid (L-GA) by Brevibacterium flavum was studied. And results were as follows. 1) L-GA production in the medium containing 10％ Glucose was the best at the concentration of Biotin 5${\gamma}$/l, Desthiobiotin 5${\gamma}$/1, and 7,8-Diaminopelargonic acid 10${\gamma}$/1, respectively. 2) In the experiment using the Glucose-Acetate mixed media derided into four parts, considerable amounts of cell growth and L-GA production were observed in the mixed medium containing 2％ Glucose-Acetate. 3) In the cases of using the media containing methanol, ethanol, ethylacetate, acetic acid (free acetate), Na-acetate:NH$_4$-acetate=2 : 1, the production of L-GA were in decreasing order as follows; Na-Acetate:NH-Acetate=2 : 1> Acetic acid (free acetate)> Ethylacetate> Ethanol＞ Methanol. 4) When biotin vitamers as growth factors were added in the medium containing Glucose or Acetate as the source of carbon, the substitution effect of Desthiobiotin was almost the same, 7,8-Diaminopelargonic acid 3 or 4 times stronger, and Bisnorbiotin has no substitution effect, compared with Biotin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.195-200
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were to investigate the Maillard reactions of some oligosaccharides with lysine and the antioxidative effects of the ethanol extracts from their reaction mixtures on the soybean oil. The Maillard reactions were carried out of 2% oligosaccharides such as palatinose (PN), fructooligosaccharide (FO), isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) with 2% lysine (L) for 24 hours heating at 60, 80, $100^{\circ}C$. The color intensity of Maillard reaction mixtures were determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometer upon reaction time and temperature. And the antioxidative effects on the soybean oil of each ethanol extract from Maillard reaction mixture of each oligosaccharide were measured by peroxide value (POV). POV's of soybean oil including reaction extracts were determined regularly every 2 days during 20 days storaged at $60{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The color intensity of the Maillard reaction mixtures were raised highly as the browning temperature and time increased. The color intensity of PN L browning mixture was the highest. The order of high color intensity at $100^{\circ}C$ was PN L>FO L>Glu L>IMO L. 2. Comparing the antioxidative effect of Maillard reaction product (at $100^{\circ}C$, for 12 hours) of each oligosaccharide to that of BHT and TBHQ, the order of high antioxidative effect was TBHQ>IMO L>BHT>Glu L>PN L>FO L. 3. From these results, it was known that PN L shown as high brown color intensity was appeared low antioxidative effect, while IMO L shown as low brown color intensity was appeared high antioxidative effect. So, it was recognized that there was no relation between brown color intensity and antioxidative effect.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.538-548
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• 1995

Calcium hydroxide has been used not only as pulp capping and pulpotomy agents in the operative dentistry, but dressing and temporary filling materials in root canal treatment. Calcium hydroxide was known to stimulate odontoblast to produce new reparative dentin and to eliminate microorganims effectively in the infected root canals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide solution on cultured L929 cells and its antibacterial effect on several streptococci. Calcium hydroxide solution (0.121g/100ml) was added to L929 cells and cell viability was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-dimethyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red (NR) dye. Calcium hydroxide solution (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and $150{\mu}l$) was added to L929 cells in 96-well microplates for 1, 4 and 24 hours respectively. Cell viability was gradually decreased when the volume and exposure time of calcium hydroxide solution were increased. When $150{\mu}l$ of calcium hydroxide was applied to L929 cells for 24 hours, there was more than fifty percent reduction of cell viability. Calcium hydroxide solution (20g/100ml) showed antibacterial effect against S. uberis, S. intermedius and S. mitis after thirty-second exposure. But 0.121g/100ml concentration of cacium hydroxide solution exhibited no antibacterial effect on six streptococci after one-hour exposure.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.513-518
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• 2010

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of Dianthus chinensis L extract were examined in ICR mice. Dianthus chinensis L extract administered orally (200 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, Dianthus chinensis L extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P ($0.7\;{\mu}g$) was diminished by Dianthus chinensis L extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine ($\alpha_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by Dianthus chinensis L extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by Dianthus chinensis L extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that Dianthus chinensis L extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of Dianthus chinensis L extract may be mediated by $\alpha_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.