• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.555-560
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• 2008

Amino acid transporters are essential for the growth and proliferation in all living cells. Among the amino acid transporters, the system L amino acid transporters are the major nutrient transport system responsible for the $Na^+$-independent transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), an isoform of system L amino acid transporter, is highly expressed in cancer cells to support their continuous growth and proliferation. 2-Aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) is a model compound for the study of amino acid transporter as a system L selective inhibitor. We have examined the effect and mechanism of BCH on cell growth suppression in HEp2 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The BCH inhibited the L-leucine transport in a concentration-dependent manner with a $IC_{50}$ value of $51.2{\pm}3.8{\mu}M$ in HEp2 cells. The growth of HEp2 cells was inhibited by BCH in the timeand concentration-dependent manners. The formation of DNA ladder was not observed with BCH treatment in the cells. Furthermore, the proteolytic processing of caspase-3 and caspase-7 in the cells were not detected by BCH treatment. These results suggest that the BCH inhibits the growth of HEp2 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through the intracellular depletion of neutral amino acids for cell growth without apoptotic processing.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.324-330
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• 1998

We Previously reported that Polysaccharide Isolated from panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, stimulates murine splenocytes to proliferate and to be cytotoxic against a wide range of tumor cells in MHC non-restricted manner:) Therefore, we examined the cytokine mRNA expression induced by the ginseng polysaccharide in this paper. This study demonstrates that the ginseng polysaccharide stimulates Thl type cytosine expression such as IL-2 and IFNY, and macrophage type cytokine expression such as IL-lc and GM-CSF in a dose-dependent manner at different time: IL-2 mRNA was induced at 30 min, IL-la, GM-CSF mRNA at 3 hr, IFNY at 6 hr after the ginseng polysaccharide treatment. In contrast with these, Th2 type cytokine expression such as IL-4 and IL-5 was not induced. The generation of the ginseng polysaccharide-activated killer cells which was induced at the optimal doses of 50 pEyml was neutralized in the presence of anti-lL-2, anti-lFNy, anti-IL-l ${\alpha}$ antibodies, showing the importance of these cytokines produced by the ginseng polysaccharide. In flow cytometry analysis, the blastogenesis of IgM+ cells was induced on day 3 and the number of Thy 1.21 cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells was increased on day 5. The ginseng polysaccharide also induced blastogenesis of T cells. In conclusion, the ginseng polysaccharide may have considerable antitumor immunotherapeutic modality by stimulating the cytokine production from Thl cells and macrophage and by proliferating lymphocytes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.719-726
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• 1997

Dorsal root ganglion(DRG) cells are primary sensory neurons which contain some biologically active neuropeptides which play a role as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. This study was performed to observe normal distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactive cells and colocalization of CGRP and SP in a single DRG cell of the lumbar DRGs($L_1{\sim}L_6$) in the Wistar Kyoto(WKY) rat by immunohistochemistry. About 55.8% of DRG cells contained CGRP-immunoreactivity, while about 12.7% of DRG cells showed SP-immunoreactivity. There was no significant difference in percentage of each neuropeptied-immunoreactive cells between each neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells between each levels of DRGs ($L_1{\sim}L_6$) (p>0.01). In size distribution, CGRP-immunoreactive cells were identified below $1,500{\mu}m^2$; SP-immunoreactive cells below $600{\mu}m^2$. In serial sections, about 86.7% of the SP immunoreactive cells contained CGRP immunoreactivity.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.107-120
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• 1999

The purpose of this Study was to investigate effects of KaegiBokryengHwan(KBH) on anti-tumor, immunocytes and nitric oxide(NO). This Study estimated the proliferation of L1210 cell lines, HeLa cell lines, SK-OV3 cell lines, MCF-7 cell lines, balb/c mouse 3T3 cell lines, mouse thymocytes and mouse splenocytes and NO production from peritoneal macrophages in vitro. and estimated the proliferation of L1210 cells, mouse thymocytes and splenocytes and NO production from peritoneal macrophages and body weight in L1210 cells-transplanted mice in vivo. The result were obtained as follow ; 1. KBH inhibited significantly SK-OV3 cell lines in vitro. 2. KBH was accelerate significantly the proliferation of balb/c mouse thymocytes in vitro. 3. KBH increased significantly NO production from peritoneal macrophages in vitro. 4. KBH didn't effect the cytotoxicity of L1210 cells in L1210 cells-transplanted mice. 5. KBH was accelerate the proliferation of splenocytes in L1210 cells-transplanted mice. 6. KBH increased NO production from peritoneal macrophages in L1210 cells-transplanted mice. 7. KBH increased the body weight as comparing with control group in L1210 cells-transplanted mice.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2000

SD-994 was prepared from methanol extract of Artemisia argyi by stepwise purification of solvent partioning and silica gel chromatography. In the course of this purification, fractions obtained at each step were investigated for their cytotoxicities against L1210 cells. Fractions A~G prepared from chloroform fraction showed considerable cytotoxicities raging 40~90% against L1210 cells. Subfractions I~IX obtained from fraction A exhibited various cytotoxicities and subfraction I (SD-994) was found to be the most effective compound. $IC_{50}$ values of SD-994 were measured to be $0.5{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml and less than $0.05{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml against L1210 cells and normal lymphocytes, respectively: When SD-994 was added to L1210 cell as cytotoxic agent, significantly increased amount of superoxide ($O_2^-$) and dramatically augmented activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), specially MnSOD and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were observed according to the concentration and incubation time. Whereas, in case of normal lymphocytes under the same condition, cytotoxicities were not apparent and the generation of superoxide ($O_2^-$) or the activity changes of SOD and GPx were insignificant. These results together indicate that the cytotoxic action of SD-994 against L1210 cell may be achieved via necrosis and/or apoptosis induced by reaction oxygen species which could not probably be completely abolished even by drastically increased antioxidant enzymes, SOD and GPx activities.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-98
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• 2021

The S100 family proteins act as inducers of cancer cell apoptosis and inflammatory mediators. This study examined the pro-apoptotic mechanism caused by S100A8 and S100A9 in human FIP1L1-PDGFRα-positive eosinophilic leukemia cells. S100A8 and S100A9 elicited the death of EoL-1 cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. The activation of PDGFRα was suppressed by a decrease in PDGFRα after treatment with S100A8 and S100A9. Cycloheximide, a translation inhibitor, suppressed PDGFRα expression from 1 h to 5 h, and a co-treatment with S100A8 and S100A9 boosted the decrease in expression. The phosphorylation and expression of STAT5 decreased after treatment with S100A8 and S100A9 in EoL-1 and imatinib-resistant (EoL-1-IR) cells. S100A8 and S100A9 induced the chemotaxis of EoL-1 cells but did not affect the chemoattraction of EoL-1-IR. These findings indicate the cell death mechanism due to S100 family proteins and the development of leukemia therapy using S100A8 and S100A9.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2000

Protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana were easily isolated from the shoot-forming (SF) suspension-cultured cell clusters with 4 hours-shaking condition (40 rpm) on CPD enzyme solution containing 1% cellulase R-10, 0.25% pectolyase Y-23 and 0.5% driselase. Protoplasts were cultured on liquid KAO medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L kinetin, 200 mg/L spermidine and 68 g/L glucose. Also, protoplasts were cultured on 0.2 $\mu$M membrane filter placed onto CP solid medium containing the suspension cells as feeder cells in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks. Protoplast-derived-SF calli were cultured on MS medium containing 0.05 mg/L IAA, 7 mg/L 2 ip and 30 g/L sucrose under the continuous illumination for four weeks. The frequency of shoot formation was about 60%. The regenerants were transferred into potting soil to grow mature plants. The regenerants formed the silques with seeds after 8 weeks of cultures.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.234-239
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• 2004

[ $NO_3$ ]-N and T-N removal rates of cattail wetland cells were compared with those of reed wetland cells. The examined cells were a part of a pond-wetland system composed of two ponds in series and six wetland cells in parallel. Each wetland cell was 25m in length and 6m in width. Cattails (Typha angustifolia) were transplanted into three cells and reeds Phragmites australis) into another three ones in June 2000. Water of Sinyang stream flowing into Kohung Estuarine lake located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula was pumped into the primary pond, its effluent was discharged into the secondary pond Effluent from the secondary pond was funneled into each cell. Two cattail and reed cells were chosen for this research. Water quantity and quality of influnt and effluent were analyzed front May 2001 through October 2001. The volume of influent and effluent of the cells averaged about $20.0\;m^3/day$ and $19.3\;m^3/day$, respectively. Hydraulic retention time was approximately 1.5 days. Influent $NO_3$-N concentration for the four cells averaged 2.39 mg/L. Effluent $NO_3$-N concentration far the cattail and reed cells averaged 1.74 and 1.78 mg/L, respectively. Average $NO_3$-N retention rate for the cattail and reed cells by mass was 30 and 29%, respectively. Influent T-N concentration far the four cells averaged 4.13 mg/L. Effluent T-N concentration for the cattail and reed cells averaged 2.55 and 2.61 mgL respectively. Average T-N retention rate for the cattail and reed cells by mass was 39 and 38%, respectively. $NO_3$-N and T-N concentrations in effluent from the cattail cells were significantly low (p=0.04), compared with those from the reed cells. Cattail wetland cells were more efficient for $NO_3$-N and T-N abatement than reed ones.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1978.09a
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• pp.43-49
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• 1978

This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activity of extracts of Panax ginseng root against some cancer cells and to purify the crude extract. Three kinds of cancer cells(leukemic cells L5178Y, HeLa cells and Sarcoma 180 cells) and mouse embryo cells (as normal cells) were used for this study. The ginseng roots were extracted with petroleum ether in soxhlet apparatus, and the crude extracts were purified by the silicic acid column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography methods. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Eight to ten mg of the petroleum ether extract (crude extract) were obtained from 1 g of Panax ginseng root, and its activities per mg were about 1,000 units. 2. Doubling time of the L5178Y cells was increased to two fold by 24 hours incubation in culture medium containing about one ${\mu}g$ of extract per ml, and eight and ten folds higher concentration of ginseng extract were required for the Sarcoma 180 cells and HeLa cells, respectively, than for the leukemic cells(L5178Y) to inhibit the cellular growth to the same degree. 3. When the L5178Y cells were exposed to medium containing various concentration of the extract for 24 hours before initiation of the soft agar cloning procedure, about $99\%$ of the L5178Y cells were killed at concentration of 8 units per ml. 4. The growth rate of mouse embryo cell (as normal cell) was not affected by the culture with media containing various amounts (1.45 to 30.0 ${\mu}g/ml$) of the extract. 5. The crude extract could be purified about four times by silicic acid column chromatography using several solvent systems, and one spot of active compound could be obtained on the thin-layer chromatogram. 6. In the Swiss mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180 cells, a survival time of the experimental group (injection group of active compound) was extended more. 1.5 to 2.0 times than the control group's(no injection group).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2018

Pretreatment of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a hyporesponsive state to subsequent secondary challenge with high-dose LPS in innate immune cells, whereas super-low-dose LPS results in augmented expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, little is known about the difference between super-low-dose and low-dose LPS pretreatments on immune cell-mediated inflammatory and hepatic acute-phase responses to secondary LPS. In the present study, RAW 264.7 cells, EL4 cells, and Hepa-1c1c7 cells were pretreated with super-low-dose LPS (SL-LPS: 50 pg/mL) or low-dose LPS (L-LPS: 50 ng/mL) in fresh complete medium once a day for 2~3 days and then cultured in fresh complete medium for 24 hr or 48 hr in the presence or absence of LPS ($1{\sim}10{\mu}g/mL$) or concanavalin A (Con A). SL-LPS pretreatment strongly enhanced the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-${\alpha}$/IL-10, prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$), and nitric oxide (NO) by RAW 264.7 cells compared to the control, whereas L-LPS increased IL-6 and NO production only. SL-LPS strongly augmented the Con A-induced ratios of interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$/IL-10 in EL4 cells but decreased the LPS-induced ratios of IFN-${\gamma}$/IL-10 compared to the control, while L-LPS decreased the Con A- and LPS-induced ratios of IFN-${\gamma}$/IL-10. SL-LPS enhanced the LPS-induced production of IL-6 by Hepa1c1c-7 cells compared to the control, while L-LPS increased IL-6 but decreased IL-$1{\beta}$ and C reactive protein (CRP) levels. SL-LPS pretreatment strongly enhanced the LPS-induced production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-10, $PGE_2$, and NO in RAW 264.7 cells, and the IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, and CRP levels in Hepa1c1c-7 cells, as well as the ratios of IFN-${\gamma}$/IL-10 in LPS- and Con A-stimulated EL4 cells compared to L-LPS. These findings suggest that pre-conditioning of SL-LPS may contribute to the mortality to secondary infection in sepsis rather than pre-conditioning of L-LPS.