• School Mathematics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.243-260
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• 2009

In this paper, we have designed a teaching unit for the learning mathematising of secondary pre-service teachers by exploring generalized fibonacci sequences. First, we have found useful formulas for general terms of generalized fibonacci sequences which are expressed as combinatoric notations. Second, by using these formulas and CAS graphing calculator, we can help secondary pre-service teachers to conjecture and discuss the limit of the sequence given by the rations of two adjacent terms of an m-step fibonacci sequence. These processes can remind secondary pre-service teachers of a series of some mathematical principles.

• Journal of Bone Metabolism
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.251-266
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• 2018

Background: The causal networks among genes that are commonly expressed in osteoblasts and during bone metastasis (BM) of breast cancer (BC) are not well understood. Here, we developed a machine learning method to obtain a plausible causal network of genes that are commonly expressed during BM and in osteoblasts in BC. Methods: We selected BC genes that are commonly expressed during BM and in osteoblasts from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Bayesian Network Inference with Java Objects (Banjo) was used to obtain the Bayesian network. Genes registered as BC related genes were included as candidate genes in the implementation of Banjo. Next, we obtained the Bayesian structure and assessed the prediction rate for BM, conditional independence among nodes, and causality among nodes. Furthermore, we reported the maximum relative risks (RRs) of combined gene expression of the genes in the model. Results: We mechanistically identified 33 significantly related and plausibly involved genes in the development of BC BM. Further model evaluations showed that 16 genes were enough for a model to be statistically significant in terms of maximum likelihood of the causal Bayesian networks (CBNs) and for correct prediction of BM of BC. Maximum RRs of combined gene expression patterns showed that the expression levels of UBIAD1, HEBP1, BTNL8, TSPO, PSAT1, and ZFP36L2 significantly affected development of BM from BC. Conclusions: The CBN structure can be used as a reasonable inference network for accurately predicting BM in BC.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.451-466
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• 2023

Gastrointestinal cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive system that poses a severe health risk to humans. Due to the specific organ structure of the gastrointestinal system, both endoscopic and MRI diagnoses of GIC have limited sensitivity. The primary factors influencing curative efficacy in GIC patients are drug inefficacy and high recurrence rates in surgical and pharmacological therapy. Due to its unique optical features, good biocompatibility, surface effects, and small size effects, nanotechnology is a developing and advanced area of study for the detection and treatment of cancer. Because of its deep location and complex surgery, diagnosing and treating gastrointestinal cancer is very difficult. The early diagnosis and urgent treatment of gastrointestinal illness are enabled by nanotechnology. As diagnostic and therapeutic tools, nanoparticles directly target tumor cells, allowing their detection and removal. XGBoost was used as a classification method known for achieving numerous winning solutions in data analysis competitions, to capture nonlinear relations among many input variables and outcomes using the boosting approach to machine learning. The research sample included 300 GC patients, comprising 190 males (72.2% of the sample) and 110 women (27.8%). Using convolutional neural networks (CNN) and artificial neural networks (ANN)-EXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), the patients mean± SD age was 50.42 ± 13.06. High-risk behaviors (P = 0.070), age at diagnosis (P = 0.037), distant metastasis (P = 0.004), and tumor stage (P = 0.015) were shown to have a statistically significant link with GC patient survival. AUC was 0.92, sensitivity was 81.5%, specificity was 90.5%, and accuracy was 84.7 when analyzing stomach picture.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.227-238
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• 1999

The goal of this study is to discover the effect of sex education on sex-related knowledge and attitudes of middle school girls. Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The number of experimental group students was 134 and the number of control group students was 134. A total of 268 second grade middle school girls were selected for a convenience sampling method. This study was carried out in a middle school located in Taegu City, Korea, from February 5 to February 18, 1998. To des cover the needs of sex education, the researcher sent a predesigned questionnaire to 1464 girls in 19 different middle schools. The sex education curriculum was designed on the basis of this survey's results. 'The Sex Education Teaching Plan' (published by the Research Institution of Korean School Health Education) and 'Sex and Happiness' (published by the Seoul City Education Ministry) were used to redesign the sex education curriculum and content. Fifty minute long sex education classes were taught to the experimental group every other day and the total number of classes was five. The contents of the teaching -learning plan for sex education were: 'The Characteristics of Adolescence', 'Pregnancy and Contraception', 'Friendship with the Opposite Sex and Prevention of Sexual Violence', 'Prevention of Venereal Disease', and 'Sex and Society'. To measure the degree of sex knowledge of the subjects, the researcher used the modified sex knowledge tools of Kim(l995) and Han(1997). The reliability values of these sex knowledge tools range from 0.71 to 0.74, using Cronbach's alpha. To measure the degree of sex attitude in the subjects, the researcher used the modified sex attitudes tools of Han(l997). The reliability values of these sex attitude tools range from 0.73 to 0.78 using Cronbach's alpha. The PC-SAS package program was used to analyse the data along with Frequency, Percentage, XLtest, t -test, and a paired t -test The results of this study were as follows; 1. The first hypothesis was accepted. The experimental group showed more change in sex - related knowledge than the control group(t =22. 76, p=0.0001). 2. The second hypothesis was accepted. The experimental group showed more change in sex-related attitudes than the control group (t=11.91, p=0.0001). In conclusion, the level of sex-related knowledge and sex-related attitudes of middle school girls who received sex education was higher than that of the girls who did not receive sex education. According to this research, planned sex education was effective in forming accurate knowlege and appropriate attitudes related to sex. Clearly, we must carry out a well-designed step by step sex education program that is well-suited to the sex education needs and the developmental level of the students.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.2 s.54
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• pp.115-121
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• 1999

Effects of single and repeated administration of various nootropic candidates were examined on impaired acquisition by single oral administration of 3 g/kg ethanol (EtOH) in step through test. The inhibitory effect of EtOH on acquisition was significantly reduced by single picrotoxin, but not affected by diazepam, acetyl-L-carnitine and apomorphine. Single or repeated red ginseng total saponin and deprenyl, single piracetam, repeated N-methyl-D-glucamine, but not single or repeated protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol and centrophenoxine significantly ameliorated the impairment of acquisition by EtOH. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of repeated red ginseng total saponin but not that of repeated N-methyl-D-Glucamine, was significantly blocked by pretreatment of $\alpha$-methyl-$\rho$-tyrosine, a inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis. Whereas, the inhibitory effect of repeated deprenyl on EtOH amnesia was exaggerated by $\alpha$-methyl-$\rho$-tyrosine. These results suggest that the amelioration processes of drugs on ethanol amnesia involve complex mechanism between the central GABAergic and dopaminergic neuronal activity in memory and learning, although the effects of repeated drugs administration are not yet clear.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.71-89
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• 2023

A groundwater potential map (GPM) was built for the Nakdonggang River Basin based on ten variables, including hydrogeologic unit, fault-line density, depth to groundwater, distance to surface water, lineament density, slope, stream drainage density, soil drainage, land cover, and annual rainfall. To integrate the thematic layers for GPM, the criteria were first weighted using the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) and then overlaid using the Technique for Ordering Preferences by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model. Finally, the groundwater potential was categorized into five classes (very high (VH), high (H), moderate (M), low (L), very low (VL)) and verified by examining the specific capacity of individual wells on each class. The wells in the area categorized as VH showed the highest median specific capacity (5.2 m³/day/m), while the wells with specific capacity < 1.39 m³/day/m were distributed in the areas categorized as L or VL. The accuracy of GPM generated in the work looked acceptable, although the specific capacity data were not enough to verify GPM in the studied large watershed. To create GPMs for the determination of high-yield well locations, the resolution and reliability of thematic maps should be improved. Criterion values for groundwater potential should be established when machine learning or statistical models are used in the GPM evaluation process.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.115-129
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the kinds of health promotion program which workers want, worker's intention for participation, proper method, time, duration and manager. A self-administered questionnaire method was used to collect data from 412 employees of 3 worksites in Chungpook and Kyungkee. This survey was carried out from Aug. 10 to Aug. 20, 1998. The results of this study are as follows: 1. In male, among health promotion programs, favorite ones were physical fitness(32.2%), periodic health check-up(24.6%), and stress management(18.0%). In female, among health promotion programs, favorite ones were periodic health check-up(26.0%), physical fitness(22.0%), and body weight control(19.5%). 2. The more young subjects are, the more they like physical fitness program, and the female like body weight control program regardless of BMI. Manufacturing worker preferred back pain prevention program to clerical worker did. In female, drinker preferred stress management program to non-drinker did. 3. The more old subjects are, the more they like back pain prevention program, and non-smoker preferred body weight control program to smoker did. 4. In health promotion program format which the subjects wanted, learning of self-examination techniques was 41.1%, worksite screening was 3l.0%, availability of pamphlets and audiovisual materials was 20.0%, presentation of worksite educational sessions was 7.9%, and the most wanted manager for the program was medical doctor and then nurse, physical trainer, psychological counselor. The favorite health promotion program duration was less than 30 minutes(49.6%), and the favorite time was before work(49.6%). 5. Among respondents, 48.5% was smokers, 81.8% was drinkers, 39.9% engaged in the regular exercise, 68.2% engaged in regular diet habit. In vaccination, 50.2%, if possible, wanted to be vaccinated and 37.6% never wanted to be vaccinated. 6. Ex-smoker, ex-drinker, the subjects in the regular exercise, and in the regular diet habit responded they were in good health. There was a significant difference between exercise and health status. Need and intention for participation of health promotion program were high in ex-smoker, ex-drinker, the subjects in the regular exercise, and in the regular diet habit. According to results for this study, if the favorite programs, exercise, periodic health check-up, stress management program, are operated at a proper time and with managers they want, this programs can really raise the participation of employees. And as employees want to learn self-examination techniques if worksite educational sessions are performed, health promotion program can effectively be operated.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2015

A reduction of motor performance due to brain disorders can be screened by evaluating force tracking capabilities (FTCs). Existing studies have examined FTCs mainly using simple sinusoidal waves, of which repeated profiles have a critical limitation due to a learning effect in force tracking. The present study examined the effects of personal factors (age and gender) and sinusoidal wave factors (central force and complexity) on FTCs of healthy adults using composite sinusoidal wave profiles (CSWPs). FTCs were measured using Finger $Touch^{TM}$ for 30 seconds and quantified in terms of time within the target range (TWR, accuracy measure) and relative RMSE (RRMSE, variability measure). A total of 90 healthy adults in 20s to 70s with the equal gender ratio participated in the experiment consisting of combinations of 2 central force levels (6 N and 10 N) and 2 complexity levels (approximate entropy, ApEn = 0.03 and 0.06) of CSWPs. Significantly decreased FTCs (lower TWR and higher RRMSE) were found in aged adults, females, the low central force, and the high complexity. The detailed FTC decrements include a 43% reduced TWR and a 85% increased RRMSE of older adults in 70s as compared to those in 20s, a 17% reduced TWR and a 17% increased RRMSE of female as compared to those of male, a 30% reduced TWR and a 108% increased RRMSE at central force = 6N when compared to those at central force = 10N, and a 19% reduced TWR and a 30% increased RRMSE at ApEn = 0.06 as compared to those at ApEn = 0.03. The characteristics of FTCs for CSWPs can be of use in establishing an assessment protocol of motor performance for screening brain disorders.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.539-548
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• 2022

Objective : Although full-endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion (Endo-LIF) has been tried as the latest alternative technique to minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interobody fusion (MIS-TLIF) since mid-2010, the evidence is still lacking. We compared the clinical outcome and safety of Endo-LIF to MIS-TLIF for lumbar degenerative disease. Methods : We systematically searched electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to find literature comparing Endo-LIF to MIS-TLIF. The results retrieved were last updated on December 11, 2020. The perioperative outcome included the operation time, blood loss, complication, and hospital stay. The clinical outcomes included Visual analog scale (VAS) of low back pain and leg pain and Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the radiological outcome included pseudoarthosis rate with 12-month minimum follow-up. Results : Four retrospective observational studies and one prospective observational study comprising 423 patients (183 Endo-LIF and 241 MIS-TLIF) were included, and the pooled data analysis revealed low heterogeneity between studies in our review. Baseline characteristics including age and sex were not different between the two groups. Operation time was significantly longer in Endo-LIF (mean difference [MD], 23.220 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.669-35.771; p=0.001). However, Endo-LIF resulted in less perioperative blood loss (MD, -144.710 mL; 95% CI, 247.941-41.478; p=0.023). Although VAS back pain at final (MD, -0.120; p=0.586), leg pain within 2 weeks (MD, 0.005; p=0.293), VAS leg pain at final (MD, 0.099; p=0.099), ODI at final (MD, 0.141; p=0.093) were not different, VAS back pain within 2 weeks was more favorable in the Endo-LIF (MD, -1.538; 95% CI, -2.044 to -1.032; p<0.001). On the other hand, no statistically significant group difference in complication rate (relative risk [RR], 0.709; p=0.774), hospital stay (MD, -2.399; p=0.151), and pseudoarthrosis rate (RR, 1.284; p=0.736) were found. Conclusion : Relative to MIS-TLIF, immediate outcomes were favorable in Endo-LIF in terms of blood loss and immediate VAS back pain, although complication rate, mid-term clinical outcomes, and fusion rate were not different. However, the challenges for Endo-LIF include longer operation time which means a difficult learning curve and limited surgical indication which means patient selection bias. Larger-scale, well-designed study with long-term follow-up and randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm and update the results of this systematic review.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate(EtOAc) fraction of pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc) needle on cholesterol and lipofuscin(LF) accumulations, acetylcholine(ACh) and its related enzyme activities such as choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and monoamine oxidase-B(MAO-B) activity, which destroyed the catecholamine related neurotransmitters in brain membranes of Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats. Male SD rats were fed basic diets (control group) and experimental diets (EtOAc-25, EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100) for 45 days. Cholesterol accumulations in mitocholndria and microsomes were significantly inhibited (11.8-12.1% and 9.6-13.0%, respectvely) in EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100 groups. ACh levels and ChAT activities were significantly increased about 10% in membranes of EtOAc-100 group compared with control group. AChE activities were significantly increased about 8 -12% in membranes of EtOAc-50 and EtOAc-100 groups compared with control group. MAO-B activities were significantly inhibited about 10% in membrane of EtOAc-l00 group compared with control group. These results suggest that ethyl acetate fraction of pine needle may play an effective role in inhibiting cholesterol and improving a membrane fluidity, and learning and memory impairments. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 95 -99, 2004)