• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.389-395
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• 2012

T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis, one of the most highly adopted culture-independent microbial community analysis methods, was applied to evaluate the colonization of probiotics in experimental animal gut. Lactic acid bacteria that exhibited cinnamoyl esterase activity were isolated from Korean fermented vegetables and identified by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. Lactobacillus plantarum KK3, which demonstrated high chlorogenic acid hydrolysis by cinnamoyl esterase activity, and acid/bile salt resistances, was cultured, freeze-dried, and fed to mice and the microbiota in their feces were monitored by T-RFLP analysis. The T-RF of L. plantarum was detected in the feces of mice after the start of administration and lasted at least 31 days after the initial 7 day feeding. T-RFLP analysis was considered a useful tool to evaluate the gut colonization of probiotic L. plantarum. In order to prove that L. plantarum was from viable cells, we reisolated L. plantarum in the feces using cinnamoyl esterase activity media as the screening step. The colonization of L. plantarum KK3 in the mouse gut was confirmed by this research.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.591-598
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• 2020

Lactobacillus plantarum KU15149 was demonstrated to have probiotic behavior and functions, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. L. plantarum KU15149 obtained from homemade diced-radish kimchi has a high survival rate under artificial gastric acid (pH 2.5, 0.3% pepsin) and bile salt (0.3% oxgall) conditions. However, L. plantarum KU15149 did not produce β-glucuronidase, which is known to be a carcinogenic enzyme with resistance to several antibiotics, such as gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. L. plantarum KU15149 strongly adhered to HT-29 cells and had high antioxidant activity in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging and β-carotene bleaching assays. L. plantarum KU15149 also exhibited a pronounced inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, along with expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, when RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS. Therefore, L. plantarum KU15149 exhibited pharmaceutical functionality as a potential probiotic.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.877-883
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• 2006

The immunostimulatory activities of Lactobacillus plantarum, the major microorganism in kimchi fermentations were investigated. Five strains of L. plantarum exhibited weak immunopotentiating activity, but L. plantarum PS-21 showed as strong a mitogenic activity as Bifidobacterium adolescentis M101-4, a known positive strain. It is of interest that, L. plantarum PS-21 stimulated proliferation of Peyer's patch cells, one of the most important tissues in the gut-associated lymphoreticular system. Cell' wall fractions from L. plantarum PS-21 also showed strong mitogenic activity compared with the soluble cytoplasmic fraction. A peptidoglycan fraction (PG) extracted from the cell wall of L. plantarum PS-21 was identified as an active mitogenic component when used in murine lymph node and spleen cell test systems. PG showed dose-dependent mitogenic activity and significantly enhanced antibody production in lymph node cells when studied in vitro. The lysosomal enzyme activity of murine peritoneal macrophages was increased when analyzed following injection of PG to the host animal. Furthermore, PG enhanced the production of cytokines such ($TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6) in the in vitro culture of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria, useful in the fermentation industry from Hahyangju Nuruk. Five strains were isolated, and identified as Lactobacillus based on growth inhibition by 10% (v/v) alcohol at pH 4.0. Isolated strains were identified to species, and named Lactobacillus plantarum L-3, L. sakei L-10, and L. curvatus strains L-8, L-11, and L-12. Morphological characteristics, physiological data, carbohydrate fermentation patterns, and 16S rRNA sequence data, were all used to characterize the bacterial isolates. L. plantarum L-3 showed the highest lactic acid productivity of all isolates, but grew only poony in the presence of 10% (v/v) alcohol at pH 4.0. The other strains exhibited lower lactic acid productivity than did L. plantarum L-3 and did not grow in the presence of 10% (v/v) alcohol at pH 4.0. The optimal temperature and pH for lactic acid production were $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0 7.0, respectively. The lactic acid productivity of L. plantarum L-3, L. sakei L-10 and the three L. curvatus strains L-8, L-11, and L-12 were (% v/v of culture supematant) 1.55, 1.0, 1.06, 1.0, and 0.99, respectively, at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. While L. plantarum L-3 suffered growth inhibition in the presence of 10% (v/v) alcohol, growth of the other strains was inhibited at 8% (v/v) alcohol.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2013

Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of animals, has several physiological effects including anti-hypertensive, diuretic, tranquilizing, and anti-stress properties, in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate Lactobacillus plantarum K74, which was isolated from kimchi and selected as a strain with a high ability to produce GABA, to develop a new starter culture for fermented milk production. L. plantarum K74 produced $134.52{\mu}g/mL$ GABA in MRS broth containing 1% MSG, $212.27{\mu}g/mL$ GABA in MRS broth containing 2% MSG, and $234.63{\mu}g/mL$ GABA in MRS broth containing 3% MSG. The optimum growth temperature of L. plantarum K74 was $34^{\circ}C$, reaching a pH of 4.4 after 18 hours of growth. L. plantarum K74 was most sensitive to novobiocin out of 16 different antibiotics tested, and was most resistant to kanamycin and polymyxin B. L. plantarum K74 did not produce ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, a carcinogenic enzyme, and was comparatively tolerant to bile juice and low pH. Furthermore, it displayed resistance to Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus at rates of 54.9%, 46.3%, and 0.7%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2013

In this study, we observed optimal conditions and suitable bacteria for the fermentation of steam-dried ginseng berry extracts (SGB) and determined antioxidant effects of the fermented extracts. Five bacteria (Lactobacillus fermentarum, L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. casei, Bacillus subtillis) were examined on their growth activities and viabilities in various culture temperatures ($25-35^{\circ}C$) and concentrations (25-100%). L. plantarum was considered to be the most suitable bacteria for the fermentation in both growth activity and viability. Moreover, the extracts fermented with L. plantarum showed more potent antioxidant efficacy in both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that fermentation with L. plantarum changed the contents and components of ginsenosides. In conclusion, these data suggest that L. plantarum efficiently ferment SGB and the fermented extracts may have therapeutical values against oxidative stress and be a good candidate in adjuvant therapy where ginsenoside would be the main composition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.732-741
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• 2009

This study was carried out to identify lactic acid bacteria isolated from commercial Kimchi. Twelve lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated from Chinese cabbage kimchi (Baechu kimchi) that was fermented for 4 days at room temperature after making kimchi, 6 strains from pickled ponytail radishes (Chongkak kimchi) that was fermented for 2 days, and 15 strains in radish cube kimchi (Kaktugi) that was fermented for 5 days, and 23 strains were isolated in pickled Wakegi (Pa kimchi) that was fermented for 4 days. Eight strains among the lactic acid bacteria of 12 strains isolated from Baechu kimchi (pH 4.0) were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, 1 strain as Leuconostoc lactis, 2 strains as Lactobacillus casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, and 1 strain as Lactobacillus sake. Three strains among the lactic acid bacteria of 6 strains isolated from Chongkak kimchi (pH 4.5) were identified as Leuconostoc paramesenteroides, 2 strains as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides, and 1 strain as Lactobacillus plantarum. Two strains among the 15 strains isolated in Kaktugi (pH 4.0) were identified as Leuconostoc lactis, 3 strains as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp dextranicum, 4 strains as Lactobacillus casei subsp. pseudoplantarum, and 4 strains as Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens. Twenty-two strains among the 23 strains isolated from Pa kimchi (pH 4.1) identified as L. plantarum and 1 strain was as Lactobacillus sake. From the results above, the dominant species of Baechu kimchi was confirmed as L. plantarum, Chongkak kimchi as L. paramesenteroides, Kaktugi as L. casei subsp. pseudoplantarum and L. coryniformis subsp. torquens, and Pa kimchi as L. plantarum.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1084-1092
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• 2015

In the present work, the in vitro prebiotic activity of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) derived from corn cobs combined with Lactobacillus plantarum, a probiotic microorganism, was determined. These probiotics exhibited different growth characteristics depending on strain specificity. L. plantarum S2 cells were denser and their growth rates were higher when cultured on XOS. Acetate was found to be the major short-chain fatty acid produced as the end-product of fermentation, and its amount varied from 1.50 to 1.78 mg/ml. The antimicrobial activity of XOS combined with L. plantarum S2 was determined against gastrointestinal pathogens. The results showed that XOS proved to be an effective substrate, enhancing antimicrobial activity for L. plantarum S2. In vivo evaluation of the influence of XOS and L. plantarum S2, used both alone and together, on the intestinal microbiota in a mouse model showed that XOS combined with L. plantarum S2 could increase the viable lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in mice feces and decrease the viable Enterococcus, Enterobacter, and Clostridia spp. Furthermore, in the in vitro antioxidant assay, XOS combined with L. plantarum S2 possessed significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis, and superoxide anion radical-scavenging activities, and the combinations showed better antioxidant activity than either XOS or L. plantarum S2 alone.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.230-237
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• 2014

This study was designed to find the most suitable method and wall material for microencapsulation of the Lactobacillus plantarum to maintain cell viability in different environmental conditions. To improve the stability of L. plantarum, we developed an encapsulation system of L. plantarum, using water-in-oil emulsion system. For the encapsulation of L. plantarum, corn starch and glyceryl monostearate were selected to form gel beads. Then 10% (w/v) of starch was gelatinized by autoclaving to transit gel state, and cooled down at $60^{\circ}C$ and mixed with L. plantarum to encapsulate it. The encapsulated L. plantarum was tested for the tolerance of acidic conditions at different temperatures to investigate the encapsulation ability. The study indicated that the survival rate of the microencapsulated cells in starch matrix was significantly higher than that of free cells in low pH conditions with relatively higher temperature. The results showed that corn starch as a wall material and glycerol monostearate as a gelling agent in encapsulation could play a role in the viability of lactic acid bacteria in extreme conditions. Using the current study, it would be possible to formulate a new water-in-oil system as applied in the protection of L. plantarum from the gastric conditions for the encapsulation system used in chicken feed industry.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2020

The objective of the study was to assess the survival of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC8014 produced using the emulsion technique in alginate gel combined with pectin and maltodextrin components. The microcapsules were then added to cupcake dough that was further baked at 200℃ for 12 min. The viability of L. plantarum was assessed during baking and the 10 days of storage at 4℃ as well as in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. In addition, yeast-mold and water activity were investigated. After baking, the samples with microencapsulated L. plantarum contained more than 5 log CFU/g, which was higher compared to the bacterial concentration of the control samples. The concentration of L. plantarum was more than 6 logs CFU/g after the end of the storage; therefore, the probiotic functioned as a biopreservative in the cake. The prebiotic component strengthened the microcapsules network and helped protect the viability of L. plantarum in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) media. The results show that the addition of L. plantarum microencapsules did not affect the sensory scores of the cupcake while ensuring the viability of the probiotic during baking and storing.