• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.217-231
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• 1996

The distribution patterns of the benthic macrofauna of Han Estuary and Kyonggi Bay and the controlling environmental factors were studied at twenty-five stations in spring and fall of 1989. As a result, four biological groups were established as follows : Crassostrea gigas-Balanus reticulatus (Group I), Heteromastus filiformis-Mediomastus californiensis-Lumbrineris spp. -Sternaspis scutata-Tharyx sp. 1-Diopatra bilobata (Group II-A), Haustoriids-Phoxocephalids-Moerella rutila (Group II-B) and Nephtys chemulpoensis (Group II-C in March) and indistinctive group which was composed of common species (II-C in September). Results of the habitat analysis revealed that most of the dominant species showed narrow ranges of habitat niche in March and relatively wide ranges in September. Based on multiple discriminant analysis, the critical environmental factors governing their distributions are salinity in the regions of Yomha and Sokmo Channel in Han Estuary and sediment types in Kyonggi Bay. Also, sediment instability during the rainy season due to run-off was assumed to play a major role in the species composition of the benthic communities and their distribution in the study area.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1996

The species composition and distribution patterns of the subtidal benthic faunal assemblage in Sokmo and Yomha Channels and Kyonggi Bay were studied in spring and fall of 1989 and correlated to some environmental variables: temperature, salinity and substrate type. For both seasons, a total of 7,779 organisms were counted belonging to 244 species. Of these, 3,647 organisms in 185 species were counted for spring (March 1989) and 4,132 in 189 species for fall (September 1989). The oyster, Cressostrea gigas and the tellinidean bivalve, Moerella rutilla were the two most abundant species in the spring, constituting 17.22%and 6.47% of the total abundance respectively. While in the fall, the barnacle, Balanus reticulatus and macrura, Ogyrides orientalis dominated comprising 13.72% and 6.87 % of the total number of individuals. Community structure analysis revealed good correlations with the variations of salinity in Yomha and Sokmo Channels and sedimentary facies in Kyonggi Bay, Korea.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 1992

In order to examine controlling factors on primary productivity and assimilation Number of phytoplankton, chlorophyll-a concentrations, light intensity, temperature, salinity and transparency were measured in the Kyonggi Bay and in the mid0eastern coast of Yellow Sea from March 1989 to October 1990. Chlorophyll-a concentration of phytoplankton ranged from 0.91 to 4.30 ug/; in the Kyonggi Bay, and from 0.78 to 4.97 ug/l in the mideastern coast of Yellow Sea. Daily averaged primary productivities and annual primary productivities of phytoplankton ranged from 37.23 to 1104.44 (averaged 361.54) mgC/m$^2$/day, 131.96hC/m$^2$/yr in the mid0eastern coast of Yellow Sea, respectively. Assimilation Number of phytoplankton ranged from 1.47 to 28.28 mgC/mg chl-a/hr in the Kyonggi Bay, and of phytoplankton in the Kyonggi Bay was higher than that of the mid0eastern coast of Yellow Sea. Light utilization efficiencies (a) in the P-I curve ranged from 0.03 to 0.93 [mgC/mg chl-a/hr]/[ue/m$^2$/sec]in the Kyonggi Bay, and from 0.01 to 0.62 [mgC/mg chl-a/hr]/[ue/m$^2$/sec] in the mid-eastern coast of Yellow Sea. Their results indicated that phytoplankton in the Kyonggi Bay utilized light more efficiently than those of the mid0eastern coast of Yellow Sea. The average values of I/SUB k/ were 48.15 ue/m$^2$/sec in the Kyonggi Bay, and 120.37 uE/m$^2$/sec in the mid-eastern coast of yellow Sea. It means the phytoplankton populations in the Kyonggi Bay seem to be adapted to lower light intensity than those of the mid-eastern coast of Yellow sea.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 1983

A thee-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical model of Kyonggi Bay is described. Experiments have been performed with the model to determine the response of the bay to stationary wind stress fields suddenly imposed on the bay for wind directions of uniform NW, W and stresses of 10 dyne/$\textrm{cm}^2$ respectively. Features of the wond onduced three-dimensional current structure determined from the computation have been examined and discussed. M$\_$2/ tidal currents have also been which are dominant in the region. Some of preliminary results are preaented and discussed.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.47-59
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• 1971

As a continuation of part I, this paper deals with the classification of phytoplankton species collected from Chawol-do, Soya-do Pung-do of Kyonggi-Bay. One hundred and fortythree kinds of photoplankton from this area were identified and classified by Engler's system into 17 families, 47 genera, 129 species, 10 varieties and 4 forms, blonging to 2 phyla, 3 classes, 3 subclasses, 8 orders and 1 suborder. 3 families, 7 genera, 10 species, 3 varieties and 3 forms are added. To the list published in part I. Seven species and one form described in this paper are new to Korea.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 1983

The application of a two-dimensional $M_2$ nonlinear tidal model to southern part of Kyonggi Bay is described. It has provided a preliminary assessment of tidal currents, bottom stress, energy dissipation in the Bay. Further numerical experiments have been performed with the model to determine the effect of deepening the approach channel to Asan Bay on the $M_2$ tide and on the response of Bay system to a stationary northwesterly wind stress field of $10dyne/cm^2$ suddenly imposed on thesea surface. Some of preliminary results are presented and discussed.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.70-78
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• 1998

The changes of tidal characteristics of Kyonggi-Bay Region after the Large Reclamations in the Inchon Coastal Area have been studied by the numerical modelling. The constructions of Inchon International Airport and Sihwa Seadike were considered as the main reclaimation projects in this region. A two dimensional hydrodynamic model was used for this study, and it was composed in relatively high resolution with curvilinear orthogonal coordinate. As the results, at the Inchon harbor and Palmido, where a deep channel is developed, the semi tidal ranges(Z$_0$) were decreased in 8 cm after the two reclamations. However, the Z$_0$ values in the outside of the deep channel were decreased only in 2~4 cm, so that the tidal changes in the deep channel were greater than in the outside of it. After the reclamations, the maxmum velocity was increased 17% at the Inchon harbor, however it was decreased from 1. 55 m/s to 1.10 m/s at the Palmido. This is because the available area in which the stream may spread out was largely reduced after the reclamations. An Asan-bay region, the Z$_0$ was decreased in 5 cm at the Punyang-man and Asan-man stations located after the reclamations in Inchon coastal area. However the changes of Z$_0$ were very little at the outside of Asan-bay. In Asan-bay, the current velocity and direction were little influenced by the reclamations in Inchon coastal area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.126-139
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• 2007

In the autumn of 2000 and spring of 2001, field surveys were conducted to estimate the effectiveness of artificial reefs (type cube, $2{\times}2{\times}2m^3$) that were established in the four islands of Bangnyeong, Socheong, Daeyeonpyeong and Ganghwa in Kyonggi Bay, the west coast of Korea during 1995 and 1996. The condition of reefs was examined through SCUBA diving and a side-scan sonar. Much of the reefs in Daeyeonpyeong and Ganghwa area were buried in bottom sediment. Despite an intensive search in Bangnyeong area, even a cluster of reefs was not found and most of them seemed to be buried by sand waves. Thus an appropriate investigation on the sediment transport should be included in pre-assessment for the expected performance and protection of artificial reefs. Distribution of average CPUE in natural fishing ground (control) was estimated by bootstrapping simulation and possible comparison of CPUE between control and reef areas (treatment) were made in Bangnyeong and Socheong (Experiment I). Positive reef effect was detected in Socheong but CPUE of treatment in Bangnyeong was varied between or lower than the 99% CPUE confidence intervals of the control. Control/treatment abundance and biomass of fishes and invertebrates were tested by paired t-test and sign test (Experiment II). Only four cases among 22 showed significant positive effect. Based on the results, the cube artificial reef in Socheong was inferred as an affirmative one. Floor type was hypothesized to be one of the probable agents in determining the effectiveness of artificial reefs.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.313-323
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• 1991

Fine-grained sediments of the Han River and adjacent Kyonggi Bay have been studied using the powder x-ray diffractometer in order to study the distributional characteristics of clay minerals in the bottom and suspended sediments. The result of the XRD analyse shows that the major clay minerals in the lower Han River are composed of illite (57.1%), kaolinite (22.9%), and chlorite (19.6%) and that those of the Han River Estuary are composed of illite (67.2%), chlorite (16.5%), kaolinite 915.5%), and smectite (1.3%). The variation of mineral content shows distinct distributional characteristics depending on sedimentary environments. The illite content increases gradually approaching the Kyonggi Bay and kaolinite content decreases toward the sea within the range between 11% and 23%. The trend of chlorite is similar to that of kaolinite, the amount of which ranges between 14% and 19%. Smectite content is lower than 3%. Analysis of illite using peak-intensity ratio (001/002) indicates that two types of illites occur in the study area. Dioctahedral-type illite occurs as an indicator of the marine sediments. The illites distributed between the Kyonggi Bay and the Han River are mixtures of dioctahedral- and trioctahedral-types. This study indicates that the distribution of illite, kaolimite, and chlorite has been influenced mainly by the supply from the Han River and redistributed by estuarine circulation, such as tidal circulation and seasonal variation of river discharge. However, smectite is apparently supplied from other sources such as Yellow Sea or China. This study suggests that estuarine mixing system and seasonal variations of river discharge are the major factors controlling the distribution pattern of clay minerals in the study area.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

Korea Government have carried out various policies to reduce the energy consumption that cause the global warming and environmental pollution. Energy consumption of buildings in Korea has reached 24% of total energy quantities and energy consumption of apartment has been continuously increasing. It has executed the building energy efficiency rating system and energy performance assessments and certification systems have been in force to save energy consumption of buildings. Therefore, this study tried to asset the energy performance of apartment according to the shapes of unit plan, and then to evaluate the energy performance of apartment according to altering balcony area into living area in the unit plan of apartment and thus, to present the effective unit plan to reduce the energy consumption. According to the results, in case of standard unit plan, the 3Bay and 4Bay unit plans showed more effective energy consumption than the 2Bay unit plan, respectively, 5%, 6%, and in case of extended unit plan, respectively, 2%, 5%. Compared the energy efficiencies of the standard unit plan to the extended unit plan, the standard one showed more effective energy consumption than the extended one, respectively, 2% in case of the 2Bay and 4Bay unit, 5% of the 3Bay unit.