• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.821-826
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• 2013

When the values of design variables change, mode switching can often occur. If the mode of interest is not tracked, the frequencies and modes for design optimization may be miscalculated owing to modes that differ from the intended ones. Thus, mode tracking must be employed to identify the frequencies and modes of interest whenever the values of design variables change during optimization. Furthermore, reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) must be performed for design problems with design variables containing uncertainty. In this research, we perform RBDO considering the mode tracking of a compressive coil spring, i.e., a component of the joint spring that supports a compressor, with design variables containing uncertainty by using only kriging metamodels based on multiple responses approach (MRA) without existing mode tracking methods. The reliability analyses for RBDO are employed using kriging metamodel-based Monte Carlo simulation.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.19 no.4 s.74
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• pp.429-440
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• 2006

This paper comprises two specific objectives. The first is to examine the applicability of ordinary kriging interpolation(OK) to the p-adaptivity of the finite element method that is based on variogram modeling. The second objective Is to present the adaptive procedure by the hierarchical p-refinement in conjunction with a posteriori error estimator using the modified S.P.R. (superconvergent patch recovery) method. The ordinary kriging method that is one of weighted interpolation techniques is applied to obtain the estimated exact solution from the stress data at the Gauss points. The weight factor is determined by experimental and theoretical variograms for interpolation of stress data apart from the conventional interpolation methods that use an equal weight factor. In the p-refinement, the analytical domain has to be refined automatically to obtain an acceptable level of accuracy by increasing the p-level non-uniformly or selectively. To verify the performance of the modified S.P.R. method, the new error estimator based on limit value has been proposed. The validity of the proposed approach has been tested with the help of some benchmark problems of linear elastic fracture mechanics such as a centrally cracked panel, a single edged crack, and a double edged crack.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2015

공간보간기법은 미계측지역의 강수예측을 위해 통상적으로 사용되는 방법 중의 하나이다. 이 연구에서는 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 RCP 8.5 시나리오에 의한 남한상세 강수자료 중 지형이 복잡한 도서지역에서 제공되지 않는 데이터 누락격자에 대하여 최적의 공간보간기법을 선정하여 강수자료를 생성할 수 있도록 하였다. 적합한 보간기법을 선정하기 위해 데이터 누락지역에 대한 분석을 수행하였고, 최신 행정구역도에 맞추어 $1km{\times}1km$ 격자를 한반도 전체지역에 맞추어 생성된 격자를 사용하였다. ESRI사의 ArcGIS 프로그램을 이용하여 공간보간기법을 적용하였다. 사용된 보간법은 역거리가중치법(IDW), 정규크리깅(Ordinary Kriging), 보편크리깅(Universal Kriging), 스플라인(Spline)이며 가장 적합한 공간보간기법을 선정하기 위해 기후변화시나리오에 의한 데이터 중 해안선 주변 특정격자에서의 값을 누락시켜 공간보간기법을 통해 생성된 값과 기후변화 시나리오에 의한 값을 정량적으로 비교하였다. 공간보간기법의 적합도 평가를 위해 MAE(Mean Absolute Error), MSE(Mean Squared Error), PBIAS(Percent of BIAS), G(goodness of prediction) 분석을 수행하였고, 산점도 분석을 통해 실제값과 보간값의 오차율 평가를 병행하여 최적 공간보간기법을 결정하였다. 사용된 강수데이터는 RCP 8.5 시나리오에서 2015~2019년 중 강수가 높게 나타난 8월 자료를 이용하였다. 해안선 지역의 강수량 추정시 역거리 가중치법과 크리깅방법은 일부 지점에서 과다 추정되는 경향이 있고, 스플라인 방법이 전체적인 총 강수량이 기후변화시나리오에 의한 실제값과 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 실제값과 보간값의 교차검증을 수행한 결과 정규크리깅 기법이 가장 높은 정확도를 보였으며, 전체적으로 실제값과 유사한 범위내의 강수량이 생성되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.557-563
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• 2010

This paper addresses the issue of adaptive global optimization using Kriging metamodel known as EGO(Efficient Global Optimization). The algorithm adaptively chooses where to generate subsequent samples based on an explicit trade-off between reduction of global uncertainty and exploration of the region of the interest. A strategy that saves the computational cost by using expectations derived from probabilistic nature of approximate model is proposed. At every iteration, a candidate test point that seems to be feasible/inactive or has little possibility to improve for minimum is identified and excluded from updating approximate models. By doing that the computational cost is saved without loss of accuracy.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.948-952
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• 2009

면적평균강우량을 정확하게 추정하는 것은 수문조사 결과로 생성된 수위-유량관계곡선 검증을 위한 연간 유출율 및 유황분석 시에 매우 중요하다. 면적평균강우량을 산정하는 방법은 일반적으로 산술평균법, 티센법, 등우선법 등이 있는데, 최근 실무에서는 GIS Tool을 이용하여 티센다각형을 작도하고 가중치를 산정하여 관측소별 강우량을 유효강우량으로 변환하여 이용하거나, 평지 또는 좁은 유역의 경우 산술평균법을 적용하고 있다. 그러나 티센법은 지형적인 영향을 고려할 수없고, 산술평균법의 경우 우량계 밀도와 위치, 지형이 고려되지 못한다는 단점이 있기 때문에, 등우선법을 이용하여 면적평균강우량을 산정하는 것이 대부분 산악지역으로 이루어진 국내 현실에 가장 적합하다. 본 연구에서는 수문조사가 이루어지고 있는 낙동강 본류, 댐상류 등 13개 유역의 유역별 면적 평균강우량을 각각 산술평균법, 티센법, 등우선법을 이용하여 산정하였다. 등우선도의 작성을 위하여 관측소별 강우량을 역거리가중법(IDW), RBF, Kriging 기법을 이용하여 강우량의 공간보간을 실시하였으며, 등우선 간격의 영향을 검증하기 위하여 각 보간법 별 등우선 간격을 10mm, 50mm, 100mm로 분할하여 면적평균강우량을 산정하였다. 각 면적평균강우량 산정기법 및 등우선 간격별로 산정된 면적평균강우량을 비교하였고, 유역면적 등에 따른 면적평균강우량의 변화특성을 분석 하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.221-221
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• 2016

최근 레이더를 이용한 정량적 강수추정과 관련된 연구가 활발히 수행되고 있으며, 우량계와 레이더 자료의 합성과 관련된 연구가 수행되고 있다. 이는 정도 높은 우량계 자료의 장점과 강우의 공간분포를 파악할 수 있는 레이더 자료의 장점을 결합하여 고품질의 자료를 생산할 수 있기 때문이다. 자료합성과 관련된 다양한 기법이 도입되었고, 크리깅의 한 종류인 코크리깅이 널리 사용되고 있다. 크리깅은 값을 알고 있는 지점의 자료를 가중선형 조합하여 미지점의 값을 예측하는 경험적 방법으로 연속적이며 정규분포를 따르는 자료에 대해 유효하다. 그러나 강우자료는 강한 양의 왜곡도를 나타나고 간헐성도 강하게 나타나 크리깅의 이러한 조건을 만족시키지 못한다. 이로 인해 강우 자료에 크리깅을 수행할 경우 예측 값이 왜곡되거나 편향될 가능성이 크다. 이에 본 연구에서는 강우의 간헐성과 정규분포를 따르지 않는 특성을 고려하여 단순크리깅의 적용방법을 개선하였다. 단순크리깅은 가장 간단한 크리깅 기법으로 설명이 쉽고 적용사례를 비교하기 유리하여 이를 개선하면 다른 복잡한 크리깅 기법에도 쉽게 적용이 가능한 이점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 모의 자료와 레이더 강우 자료를 이용하여 단순크리깅을 수행하였고, 그 결과를 비교하여 자료의 간헐성과 비정규적 특성이 예측 값에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.393-405
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• 2020

Various geotechnical information is required to evaluate the stability of the ground and a foundation once liquefaction occurs due to earthquakes, such as the soil strength and groundwater level. The results of the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) conducted in Korea are registered in the National Geotechnical Information Portal System. If geotechnical information for a non-drilled area is needed, geostatistics can be applied. This paper is about the feasibility of obtaining ground information by the Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) method and the Inverse Distance Weighting Method (IDWM). Esri's ArcGIS Pro program was used to estimate these techniques. The soil strength parameter of the drilling area and the level of groundwater obtained from the standard penetration test were cross-validated with the results of the analysis technique. In addition, Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) was conducted to verify the techniques used in the analysis. The Buk-gu area of Pohang was divided into 1.0 km×1.0 km and 110 zones. The cross-validation for the SPT N value and groundwater level through EBK and IDWM showed that both techniques were suitable. MASW presented an approximate section area, making it difficult to clearly grasp the distribution pattern and groundwater level of the SPT N value.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.761-778
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• 2014

There has been relatively little study to model price for commercial property because of its low transaction volume in the market. Despite of this thin market character, this paper tried to estimate prices for commercial lots as accurate as possible. We constructed a model whose components consist of mean structure(global trend), exponential covariance function and a pure error term, and applied it to actual sales price data of Seoul. We explicitly took account of spatial autocorrelation of land price by utilizing a kriging technique, a representative method of spatial interpolation, because the land price of commercial lots has feature of differential price forming pattern depending on submarkets they belong to. In addition, we chose to apply a bayesian kriging to overcome data scarcity by incorporating experts' knowledge into prior probability distribution. The chosen model's excellent performance was verified by the result from validation data. We confirmed that the excellence of the model is attributed to incorporating both autocorexperts' knowledge and spatial autocorrelation in the model construction. This paper is differentiated from previous studies in the sense that it applied the bayesian kriging technique to estimate price for commercial lots and explicitly combined experts' knowledge with data. It is expected that the result of this paper would provide a useful guide for the circumstances under which property price has to be estimated reliably based on sparse transaction data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.259-262
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• 2003

In the Republic of Korea, Ministry of Construction & Transportation and Korea Water Resources Corporation manage the national groundwater monitoring network at the 169 stations and will organize the supplementary groundwater monitoring network at the 10,000 stations by 2011 year. The method that organizes the monitoring network was developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process with pairwise comparison. Several estimation factors for the estimating every district were selected to reflect each district conditions. Their weighting value was decided by pairwise comparison and questions to the experts about groundwater The optimal number of groundwater monitoring well was calculated through the developed method. To verify this method, groundwater was monitored in Jeonju city by way showing the example. The study area In Jeonju city needs 7 stations for the supplementary groundwater monitoring network. The results monitored in 7 stations inferred the groundwater level around the study area by Kriging. The mean of residual between inferred groundwater level value from Kriging and actual groundwater level is rather low. Furthermore, the mean and standard deviation of residual between inferred groundwater level change and actual groundwater change is much lower. The Fact that 7 monitoring stations are sufficient for observing the groundwater condition in the study area makes it possible for suggested monitoring number to be proper.

• Transactions of the Society of Information Storage Systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2006

In this study, we present the optimization of a head slider using kriging method in order to reduce lift-off force during unloading process with satisfying reliable flying attitude in steady state. To perform an optimization process efficiently, a simplified lift-off force model, which is a function of air bearing suction force and flying attitudes, is created by kriging method. The EMDIOS, which is the process integration and design optimization software developed by iDOT, is used to automatically wrap the analysis with the optimization and efficiently implements the repetitive works between analyzer and optimizer. An optimization problem is formulated to reduce the lift-off force during unloading process while satisfying the flying attitude in reliable range over the entire recording band and reducing the probability of contact between slider and disk. The simulation result shows that the amplitude of lift-off force of optimized L/UL slider is reduced about 62%, compared with that of initial slider model. It is demonstrated by the dynamics L/UL simulation that the optimum slider incorporated with the suspension is not only smoothly loaded onto disk but also properly unloaded onto the ramp.