• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 1994

백하주의 증류현상을 살피보기 위하여 전통약주인 백하주를 제조하고 압력(760, 460, 260 mmHg)과 환류비(3.1 : 1, 1 : 1) 및 충전물질의 유무에 따른 증류조작에 대하여 연구한 결과는 다음과 같다. 백하주의 alcohol함량은 14.2%, 산도는 8.3 g/100 ml, ethyl acetate는 49 ppm, fusel oil은 657 ppm이었다. 증류가 진행됨에 따라 증류액의 alcohol 농도는 감소하였으며, 분액별 alcohol 농도는 상압이 감압 보다 높았다. Still액과 증기상의 alcohol 농도의 관계를 나타내는 기울기는 압력이 높을수록 크게 나타났다. 비환류시 증류종말점은 8분액 이었지만 환류시는 5분액 이었다. 또한 환류시 alcohol 평균농도는 환류비가 높을수록 증가하였으며, 상압상태에서 환류비가 3.1 : 1과 1 : 1 일 때 각각 0.56, 0.54 mole이었다. 증류속도는 증류가 진행됨에 따라 감소하였으며, 상압보다 감압에서 빨랐고 충전상태의 260 mmHg에서 0.14 ml/sec로 가장 빨랐다. 환류시는 환류비가 높을수록 감소하였고 평균 증류속도는 상압상태에서 환류비가 3.1 : 1과 1 : 1일 때 각각 0.05, 0.06 ml/sec이었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.733-739
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• 1994

저온유통이 불가피하면서도 저장 가능 기간이 짧은 두부, 어묵 및 막걸리의 보존성 향상을 위하여 이들의 부패에 관여하는 균을 순수분리, 이들 균주틀 대상으로 각종 식용 식물의 에탄올 및 물 추출물의 향균 효과를 비교하였다. 두부와 막걸리 변질 관여균 모두에 황백 에탄올 추출물이 확실한 향균 효과틀 보였고 어묵의 경우는 황백, 정향, 오배자, 리기다, 백급 및 적작약 에탄을 추출물이 대상 균주 모두에 뚜렷한 항균성을 보였으며 에탄올 추출물이 물 추출물보다 높은 향균성을 나라내었다. 어묵 변질 관여균 모두는 황백 에란올 추출물의 첨가 농도에 따라 중식 저해를 받았으며 2000 ppm에서는 확실한 중식 저지 현상을 보였고 백급 에탄올 추출물은 한 균주에 대해서만 효과가 뚜렸하였다. 막걸리 변질 관여균은 황백 에탄을 추출물 1000 ppm 이상을 첨가시 2균주에서 뚜렷한 중식 억제 현상을 보였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 1989

Korean Chochgal is a kind of salted, fermentive food mainly made of fish in our country. It has been a suitable side'dish for the diet of rice. It has made use of an accompaniment of wine, seasoning, food of ceremony and a folk remedy. There were various kinds of Chochgal and various way of for preparation. For a long time it has developed in how to cook and how to eat. Nowaday, it has lessened to use Chochgal. In this thesis, the kinds of Chochgal and the reference frequency to them, the material, the measuring unit of material, the making terms, and the cooking kitchen utensils are studied out of the 86 books published in Korea from 1200 to 1984. 1. It was classifed Choch, Sikhae, and Oyukchang as how to cook. 2. There were 147 kinds of Chochgal, 100 kinds of Choch, 40 kinds of Sikhae and 7 kinds of Oyukchang in our traditional documents. 3. Materials were classified into main material, sub-material, and seasonings. As main materials there were fish, internals of fish, spawn, flesh, salt and soy sauce. As sub-materials there were seasoning, flavor, vegetables and cereals. 4. There were 41 kinds of measuring units. Of them, 17 kinds are for volume, 9 kinds are for quantity, 3 kinds are for length, and 12 kinds are for the rest. 5. There were 52 kinds of cooking kitchen utensils. They used mainly a sieve and pebbles. To store Chochkal a kind of jar, a woodenware and a clay ware were used. To shelter it from the wind, they sealed it with leaves and oiled paper. But few of them are used nowaday. 6. There were 209 kinds of cooking terms. Of them, 35 kinds are for the washing process, 51 kinds are for the preparing process, 38 kinds are for the making process, 25 kinds are for the fermenting process, 24 kinds are for the keeping process, and 36 kinds are for the eating(using) process.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2013

A variety of nuruk were collected from various provinces in Korea, and their microflora profiles were analyzed at the species level. A total of 42 nuruk samples were collected and when the viable cell numbers in these nuruk were enumerated, the average cell numbers of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria from all nuruk were 7.21, 7.91, 3.49, and 4.88 log CFU/10 g, respectively. There were no significant differences in viable cell numbers of bacteria or fungi according to regions collected. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis were the predominant bacterial strains in most samples. A significant portion, 13 out of 42 nuruk, contained foodborne pathogens such as B. cereus or Cronobacter sakazakii. There were various species of lactic acid bacteria such as Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus pentosaceus in nuruk. It was unexpectedly found that only 13 among the 42 nuruk samples contained Aspergillus oryzae, the representative saccharifying fungi in makgeolli, whereas a fungi Lichtheimia corymbifera was widely distributed in nuruk. It was also found that Pichia jadinii was the predominant yeast strain in most nuruk, but the representative alcohol fermentation strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was isolated from only 18 out of the 42 nuruk. These results suggested that a variety of species of fungi and yeast were distributed in nuruk and involved in the fermentation of makgeolli. In this study, a total of 64 bacterial species, 39 fugal species, and 15 yeast species were identified from nuruk. Among these strains, 37 bacterial species, 20 fungal species, and 8 yeast species were distributed less than 0.1%.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.224-231
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• 2019

This study investigated the physicochemical, microbiological, antioxidant, and sensory characteristics of Makgeolli supplemented with 10, 20, and 30% Codium fragile (Cf) during an 8-day fermentation period. The pH and acidity on day 0 were lower in Makgeolli supplemented with Cf (pH 3.55-3.65, acidity 0.26-0.29%) than in the unsupplemented Makgeolli (control) (pH 3.72, acidity 0.23%). The pH and acidity of Cf Makgeolli on day 8 were 3.08-3.12 and 0.67-0.75%, respectively. The sugar content increased steadily until day 4 (8.1-8.5 Brix) and then decreased steadily (6.5-6.8 Brix). The alcohol content increased steadily until day 8 (13.2-14.3%). The pH decreased, acidity increased, and alcohol content increased significantly (all P<0.05), with stepwise increases in fermentation time and Cf concentrations. The lactic acid bacteria counts were 9.28-9.37 log versus 8.18 log in the control. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activities were higher in Cf Makgeolli (DPPH 74.63-84.64%, ABTS 51.01-64.79%) than in the control (DPPH 30.97%, ABTS 21.21%). Makgeolli supplemented with 10 and 20% Cf had the highest taste, smell, and overall acceptance scores. This study suggests that Makgeolli supplemented with 10 and 20% Cf could be developed due to its good physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, including high antioxidant properties and good consumer acceptance.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.769-776
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• 2022

As an aquatic plant, the lotus leaf Nelumbo nucifera is rich in polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids. We analyzed the chemical (pH, acidity, sugar, alcohol), microbiological (lactic acid bacteria, yeast), and antioxidant activity of Makgeolli supplemented with 5% and 10% lotus leaf (ll) during fermentation for 7 days. The pH of the non-additive group (control) was 3.10-6.03, that of the 5% added group was 3.17-5.77, and that of the 10% added group was 3.27-5.70, which decreased significantly (P<0.05) as the fermentation time elapsed. The acidity and sugar content were 1.89-2.12% and 9.10-12.90 Brix, respectively, which were significantly higher (P<0.05) as the amount of added ll increased. The alcohol content was 5.90-7.20% and was the highest on the seventh day of fermentation. The lactic acid bacteria was 6.07-7.17 log CFU/mL, which was higher in ll Makgeolli. Yeast increased until day 3 and then decreased to 3.27-5.86 log CFU/mL. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activities were higher in ll Makgeolli (DPPH 68.72-81.48%, ABTS 90.71-91.67%). In this study, the commercialization potential of ll Makgeolli was expanded by enhancing the quality and antioxidant function of Makgeolli added with ll.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2015

Ethyl carbamate (EC) classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) is naturally formed in alcoholic beverages and fermented foods during fermentation process and/or during storage. The objective of this study was to analyze EC in 34 food items including 14 alcoholic beverages and 20 fermented foods sold in Korea. Each food was collected from 18 supermarkets in 9 metropolitan cities in Korea, and then made into composite. According to food composition and alcohol content, samples were divided into four matrices such as apple juice, milk, Soju (liquor containing about 20% alcohol), and rice porridge. The maximum EC value of $151.06{\mu}g/kg$ was found in Maesilju (liquor made from Maesil and Soju). Whisky and Bokbunjaju (Korean black raspberry wine) contained $9.90{\mu}g/kg$ and $6.30{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. EC was not detected in other alcoholic beverages. Of 20 fermented foods, Japanese-style soy sauce had highest level of $15.59{\mu}g/kg$ and traditional one contained $4.18{\mu}g/kg$. Soybean paste had $1.18{\mu}g/kg$, however, EC was not found in other fermented foods.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.516-525
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• 2012

LAB were isolated from makgeolli locally produced around Jinju, Gyeongnam, S. Korea during spring of 2011. Randomly selected 11 isolates from MRS agar plates were identified first by API CHL 50 kits and then 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All 11 isolates were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum. Among them, ST4 grew in MRS broth with ethanol up to 10%, showing the highest alcohol resistance. L. plantarum ST4 was moderately resistant against acid and bile salts. When cellular proteins of L. plantarum ST4 under ethanol stress were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), the intensities of 6 spots increased, whereas 22 spots decreased at least 2-fold. Those 28 spots were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). FusA2 (elongation factor G) increased 18.8-fold (6% ethanol) compared with control. Other proteins were AtpD (ATP synthase subunit beta), DnaK, GroEL, Tuf (elongation factor Tu), and Npr2 (NADH peroxidase), respectively. Among the 22 proteins decreased in intensities, lactate dehydrogenases (LdhD and LdhL1) were included.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.95-99
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• 1995

전국 각지에서 수집한 누룩 27개 시료에 대해서 젖산균수 및 총균수를 조사하고 젖산균을 분리, 동정하였다. 젖산균수 및 총균수의 평균치는 각각 $2.12{\times}10^7$ cfu 및 $2.08{\times}10^8\;cfu/g$이었으며 시료에 따라 젖산균수는 큰 차이가 없으나 총균수에 있어서는 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 젖산균 중 구균이 $70{\sim}95%$를 차지하였으며 분리된 32균주는 Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (11균주), Pediococcus (7균주), Lactobacillus plantarum (3균주), L. murinus (7균주) 및 Enterococcus (4균주)로 동정하였다(1995년 1월 19일 접수, 1995년 2월 16일 수리).

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2011

고문헌에 기록된 사라진 우리술을 발굴하는 전통주 복원 프로젝트의 일환으로서 시판 누룩 5종을 사용한 석탄주(惜呑酒)를 제조하여 이들의 양조적성을 구명하였다. 석탄주 발효 중 품온변화 등 일반성분을 분석하였고 완성된 석탄주(발효기간 10일)의 관능평가를 실시하였다. 전체적으로 술덧의 품온변화는 실내온도 변화에 상응하였다. pH는 전체적으로 발효 0~3일차까지 급격히 떨어졌다가 발효 중간부터 완만히 증가(3일: 3.13~3.57, 6일: 3.35~3.80)하였고, 발효 종료 시, pH 3.60~4.05로 상승하였다. 산도는 전반적으로 높았으며 (0.45~0.59%) Nuruk-B의 수치가 가장 높았다. 이는 누룩에 생육하는 유기산 생성 곰팡이와 젖산균이 술덧의 적절한 온도, 원료 조성, 효모 수에 따라 유기산 생산능에 차이가 있는것으로 보여진다. 환원당과 당도는 Nuruk-C로 제조한 석탄주에서 가장 높았으나(5.36%, 23o) 알코올 함량(8.6%)은 가장 낮았다. 5종의 시판누룩으로 발효시킨 석탄주에서 Nuruk-A가 알코올 함량(19.4%)이 가장 높았고 휘발산은 발효 3일째 가장 높은 수치(132.6~263.7 ppm)를 나타내었으나, 발효가 진행되면서 급격히 감소(5.25~5.94 ppm)하였다. 관능평가는 5점 척도법으로 실시하였으며 Nuruk-D로 제조한 석탄주가 전반적인 기호도가 가장 높았고(4.0), Nuruk-A의 경우 가장 낮았다(2.77).