• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 1996

This study was designed to examine the effects of red ginseng total saponin and extract on spatial working memory in mice using Morris water maze. Two kinds of red ginseng saponin (No. 1 and No. 2) and three kinds of red ginseng extract (No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3) to have different PD/ PT ratio (No. 1=1.24, No.2=1.47 No.3=2.41) were prepared by mixing the different parts of red ginseng In different ratio. In acute administration of total saponin No. 1 or No. 2, escape time to reach to a hidden platform In a fixed location for training trials was significantly decreased as compared with control group and swimming time in the quadrant that had contained the platform was also significantly increased as compared with control group. In acute treatment of extract No. 1 or 1 No. 2, swimming time in the platformless quadrant was increased dose dependently as compared with control group, especially at dose of 200 mg/kg,bw swimming time was significantly Increased. Oral treatment of extract No. 1 (100 mg/kg, bw) for 7 days produced an increase of swimming time In the platformless quadrant but a decrease of swimming time in No.3-treated group (100 mg/kg, bw). These results show that red ginseng may improve spatial discrimination learning and spatial working memory of mice

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.202-205
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• 2002

홍삼에 70% 알콜로 추출하고 남은 홍삼알코올박과 물로 추출하고 남은 홍삼물박은 거의 이용되지 않는데 이 홍삼박에는 다량의 산성다당체가 존재하므로 홍삼박으로부터 산성다당체를 효과적으로 추출할 수 있는 산업적으로 이용할 대량 생산제조공정에 대해서 조사하였다. 홍삼알코올박 및 홍삼물박 모두 건조전보다 건조후 산성다당체의 추출효율이 높았으며, 추출시간과 추출회수가 증가함에 따라 추출되는 산성다당체의 양이 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 생산제조공정으로서 홍삼박을 건조시킨 후 입자를 3.35 mm 이하로 분쇄하고, 추출온도는 8$0^{\circ}C$에서 1~2시간 추출하면서 추출회수는 2~3회가 최적인 것으로 사료된다. 또한 산성다당체의 추출 효율을 높이기 위해서는 홍삼박에 $\alpha$-amlyase 및 cellulase 효소를 처리했을 때 추출효율이 20~50%까지 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum conditions for extraction of soluble acidic polysaccharides from ginseng marc. Method of carbazole-sulfuric acid was applied to determine the amount of acidic polysaccharides in ginseng marc. The amounts of soluble acidic polysaccharides in water extract of ginseng marc were increased with increasing extraction temperature. The contents of acidic polysaccharides were not significantly different despite the extraction time increasing from 0.5 hours to 6 hours. To estimate the rehydration rate of the freeze dried polysaccharide, the extracted acidic polysaccharide fraction powder was determined the amount of soluble acidic polysaccharides by carbazole-sulfuric acid method again. The rehydration rate of acidic polysaccharides from water-extract of red ginseng marc at room temperature was 100%. On the other hand, the rehydration rate of acidic polysaccharide of red ginseng marc at boiling temperature was about 50%. The rehydration rate of acidic polysaccharides from water-extract of white ginseng marc at room temperature was 50%. The rehydration rate of acidic polysaccharide of red ginseng marc at boiling temperature was about 40%. The rate of soluble acidic polysaccharide of Red Ginseng is higher than that of White Ginseng. We can find out the maximum extraction method of soluble acidic polysaccharide from ginseng marc.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate a point of difference between normal and inferior Korean red ginseng (Naeback red ginseng = red ginseng with white part of clear boundary in phloem and/or xylem of ginseng body, saengnaeback red ginseng red ginseng with white part of indistinct boundary). White part with clear or indistinct boundary in center of ginseng body was observed in inferior red ginseng (naeback and saengnaeback red ginseng), and the differences in the internal color intensity was also found with naked eye. In hunter color values of normal and inferior parts of red ginseng in accordance with particle size, L value was increased with a diminishment in particle size, while a and b value were decreased. Absorbance at visible spectrum did not differ from water and 70% ethanol extract from normal and inferior parts of red ginseng, but absorbance in UV spectrum of extract from naeback part showed higher than those of normal and saengnaeback part. In comparison of intrastructure by electron microscope, the horizontal and vertical section of cortex and pith layer from normal part showed the very dense state, but small holes were found in naeback part of red ginseng by naked eye and electron microscope. The specific surface area of normal, naeback and saengnaeback part appeared 3.02, 3.33 and 6.55 ㎡/g, respectively. From above results, we consider saengnaeback red ginseng is red ginseng in the intermediate process which normal red ginseng changes to naeback red ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1981

A study was designed to study the sorption characteristics of powder-type products of red ginseng such as red ginseng tea, red ginseng powder and spray 4ried powder of red ginseng extract The sorption rates and equilibrium moisture contents on these products were calculated at ova. a range of relative himidities and two different temperatures ($25^{\circ}C$ and 38$^{\circ}C$). Significant differences between these three products were found in water activities, sorption rates and the relationship between the ratio of %H2O/RH and moisture content The red ginseng tea required the most excessive drying to reach aw=0.4, followed by red ginseng power and spray dried powder of red ginseng extract Attempt was made to obtain equations which can predict sorption rate and moisture content of red ginseng products at given relative humidity and temperature after certain period of storage.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.447-454
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• 1999

Ginseng-vinegars were produced by the fermentation of 5% ethanol solution contained ginseng, red ginseng, ginseng marc and red ginseng marc using Acetobacter aceti 3281 for 26 days at 35$^{\circ}C$. The ginseng and red ginseng vinegar contained 0.236mg/ml of total sugar 0.236mg/ml of reducing sugar and 0.05% of ethanol and 1.005 of specific gravity 8,58CFU of viable cell count 3,24 of pH and 5.11% of acidity. Whereas the vinegars produced using the water-extracted red ginseng marc and the ethanol-extracted red ginseng marc were consisted of total sugar was 1.27mg/ml and 1.60mg/ml reducing sugar was 0.077mg/ml and 0.725mg/ml specific gravity was 1.001 and 1.004 the number of viable cells was 8.51CFU/ml and 8.1CFU/ml pH was 2.81 and 2.89 acidity was 5.18% and 5.32% respectvely ethanol concentration was 0.05% in both cases. In five-grade scoring test of sensory evaluation, it was estimated favorable that each vinegar made by were-extracted red ginseng marc, ethanol-extracted red ginseng marc ginseng and red ginseng ginseng from 0.5 to 32% of water-and ethanol-extract red ginseng was extracted with 10% white vinegar for 30 days. The best sensory vinegars were obtained that ginseng of 0.4~1.6% above red glnsend of 0.8% water-extracted red ginseng marc of 0.8~1.6% and ethanol-extracted red ginseng marc of 0.4~1.6% added in 10% white vinegar respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.188-192
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• 1998

We established the model of clonogenic assay with human tumor cell line such as Calu-3 (lung carcinoma), HEC- lB (endometrial adenocarcinoma) , HEp-2 (larnyx carcinoma), Hs-5787 (breast carcinoma), K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia), SF-188 (brain carcinoma), SNU-1 (stomach carcinoma) and WiDr (colon carcinoma) . We investigated growth inhibition of solvent (EtOH, MeOH) and water (100$^{\circ}C$, 121$^{\circ}C$) extracts from Korean red ginseng by clonogenic assay. The results of clonogenic assay showed that EtOH extract had growth inhibition against Calu-3, SF-188 and SNU-1, MeOH extract had growth inhibition against Calu-3, Hs-5787, K-562, and WiDr, but water extract at 100$^{\circ}C$ and water extract at 121$^{\circ}C$ had not growth inhibition against used cell lines.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2005

Antiallergic and antipsoriatic effects of korean Red Ginseng (KRG, steamed root of panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Family Araliaceae) were measured. Orally administered KRG water extract potently inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). KRG water extract also showed the potent inhibition in oxazolone-induced mouse dermatitis, and suppressed mouse ear swelling by $39\%$ at 16 days at a dose of $0.1\%$. KRG water extract reduced the levels of mRNA of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, $IL-1\beta$, $TNF-\alpha$ and $INF-\gamma$ increased in oxazolone-applied mouse ears, however, did not inhibit that of IL-4. KRG water extract also inhibited iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression level of RAW264.7 cell induced by lipopolysaccharide. Based on these findings, we suggest that KRG can improve atopic and contact dermatitis by the regulation of $ IL-1\beta$ and $TNF-\alpha$ produced by macrophage cells and $interferon-\gamma$ produced by Th1 cells.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.497-500
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• 2001

본 연구의 목적은 홍미삼의 기능성 연구의 일환으로 총 페놀성 화합물의 추출방법과 DPPH에 대한 수소공여능, linoleic acid의 산화방지활성 및 LDL에 의한 항산화활성 등을 중심으로 연구한 결과이다. 홍미삼에 60% 에탄올를 첨가하여 추출회수별 총 페놀성 화합물을 조사한 결과 3회까지 추출했을 때 대부분이 추출되었기 때문에 추출횟수는 3회가 적당한 것으로 판단되었다. 60% 에탄올 추출액의 수율은 3회까지 추출했을 때 약 37.35%가 추출되었다. 추출 용매에 따른 총 페놀성 화합물의 추출 효율은 물 추출구를 100%로 했을 때, 60% 에탄올 용액으로 추출한 뒤 농축하여 물로 부피를 재조정한 시험구는 122%로 조사되었다. 항산화활성 조사에서 DPPH에 대한 수소공여능에서 시간이 경과함에 따라 항산화 활성이 약간씩 증가하나 활성은 약한 편이었다. Linoliec acid 산화에 대한 산화억제 효과는 1,500 ppm 농도에서 약 72.23%의 저해율을 나타났으며, LDL에 대한 산화방지 효과는 250 ppm 농도에서 그 저해율이 약 22.52%로 나타났다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.151-166
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• 1989

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract on development of pepsinogen 1 decrased pyloric glands in experimental stomach carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Sequential quantitative analyses (by ABC immunohistochemical staining) were made of pepsinogen 1 decreased pyloric glands (PDPG) after treating rats first with a single dose (160 mg/kg) N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and then with N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) (100ug/ml of drinking water) as a second gastric carcinogen (or promoter).