• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 2020

The application of color retention agents (3 items), preservatives (17 items), and bleaching agents (6 items) as food additives in processed foods were investigated by food type. Among color retention agents, sodium nitrite was used the most with 257 cases, mainly in seasoned jeoktal (71.21%), ready-to-eat foods (7.78%), and breads (4.87%). Of the benzoates (1,236 cases) used as a preservative, sodium benzoate showed up most, in 1,215 cases, while 81.16% of these were in beverages such as beverage base (39.51%), mixed beverages (22.47%), and ginseng/red ginseng beverages (8.89%). Grapefruit seed extracts (3,291 cases) were applied to 44 types of processed foods such as sauces (54.65%), liquid tea (10.46%), and other products (5.15%). Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (2,957 cases) was applied to products (total 96.44%) such as sauces (92.15%), blended soy sauce (2.77%), and pickled foods (1.52%). Potassium sorbate was applied to a total of 789 cases, mainly pickled foods (40.43%) and processed fishery products (47.15%). All 27 cases of sorbic acid were applied to fish paste (100%). Of the bleaching agents, sodium bisulfite and sodium hydrosulfite were mainly used in confectioneries, breads or rice cakes, and potassium metabisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sulfur dioxide were mainly found in alcoholic beverages including fruit wine, while sodium sulfite was mostly used in pickled foods. These results are deemed useful in applying food additives to processed foods.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 1979

The ultrastructural changes of embryo and endosperm cells were observed during the green fruit with embryo about $250{\mu}$ long to germination. 1. In the embryo cells of green fruit with embryo about $250{\mu}$ long, mitochondrial cristae and plastid are undifferentiated and dictyosome are occasionally observed. There are electron-opaque globoids in the vacuole and a lot of spherosomes in the outer layer of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Endosperm is filled with spherosomes and electron-opaque protein bodies surrounded by spherosomes, and due to these, other organelle are not observed. 2. In the embryo cells of seeds with red seed coat, mitochondrial cristae are well developed, electron-opaque globoids increased, and vacuoles are enlarged. In the endosperm, however, spherosomes increased, protein bodies are enlarged, and electron-opaque globoidal crystals are dispersed within them. 3. In the procambium and epicotyl cells of dehiscent seed, Golgi vacuoles and vesicles are well developed, and mitochondrial cristae are also well differentiated. Spherosomes are numerously present and radicle cells, peripheral cells of hypocotyl, and vacuoles of cotyledon are well differentiated. Endosperm is filled with spherosomes containing electron-opaque granules and protein bodies are surrounded by a single membrane. There are acid phosphatase around globoids and spherosomes. 4. At the time of seeding, spherosomes markedly increased in the outer layer of cotyledon and protein bodies are also observed. Cell organelles are differentiated and plastids containing starch are also present. 5. In the outer $2{\sim}3$ layers of cotyledons, radicle cells, and peripheral cells of hypocotyl during post-seeding to germination, spherosomes and plastids with starch increased, and mitochondria and microbodies are also found around the nucleus of embryo cells. With approaching, the germination stage, in the endosperm contacting with embryo, vacuoles are well differentiated but spherosomes decreased. There increased electron-opaque materials within vacuoles. In other endosperm, with the decrease of spherosome, mitochondria increased and electro n-opaque globular bodies are formed and gradually increased. The outer layer of protein bodies are reduced while electron-transparent portions are enlarged and fused together to occupy the outer layer where small particles are formed. 6. In the endosperm of germination stage, spherosomes decreased while protein bodies, are fused together to form 2 or 3 within a cell.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.277-286
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• 1987

Abscisic acid (ABA) content of the seed and endocarp during stratification were analyzed and then examined in relation to the embryo growth and germination. In mature red fruitlet, the ABA content was remarkably higher in sarcocarp than those in both seed ans endocarp. During the stratification before dehiscence, ABA content was gradually decreased in both seed and endocarp. After 90 days(dehiscent percentage; 96%) it came to 90 pmol/ g DW(69% decrease) and to 41 pmol/ g DW (80% decrease) in seed and in endocarp, respectively. The ratio of free from to total ABA content showed constant decrease in seed, but remained at higher level in endocap than in seed. Correlation between the decrease of ABA content and embryo growth showed higher significance in seed than in endocarp. During the stratification after dehiscence, ABA content in seed was gradually decreased at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 15$^{\circ}C$, After 90 days it came to 28 pmol/ g DW (69% decrease) and to 46 pmol/ g DW (49% decrease) at 4$^{\circ}C$ and at 15$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The ratio of free form to total ABA content was gradually increased at 4$^{\circ}C$, but remained almost constant at 15$^{\circ}C$. Correlation between the decrease of ABA content and days to first germination showed positive singificance only at 4$^{\circ}C$, whereas the correlation between the decrease and mean germination percentage per day showed negative significance at 4$^{\circ}C$, but positive significance at 15$^{\circ}C$. The above results indicate the ABA of the seed end endocarp during the stratification before dehiscence seems to be concerned with the immature embryo growth, but that of the seed during the stratification after dehiscence seems to show little effect on the germination capability(degree of breaking physiological dormancy).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1158-1167
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• 2017

In this study, ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan, lactic acid bacteria, and ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan+lactic acid bacteria were tested for 10 weeks using an immunodeficient animal model infected with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus On the immune activity. Cytokines production, plasma immunoglobulin concentration, T cell and B cell proliferation were measured. As a result, the T cell proliferative capacity which was weakened by immunization with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus increased significantly T cell proliferative capacity compared with the red ginseng control group. B cell proliferative capacity was significantly higher than the infected control group. Increased B cell proliferation was reduced. In the cytokine production, IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15 in the Th1-type cytokine increased the secretion of IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15 compared to the infected control. The proliferative capacity of the treated group was higher than that of the mixed treatment group. TNF-${\alpha}$ was significantly decreased compared with the infected control group. The IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly inhibited in the infected control group and the Th1/Th2 type cytokine expression was regulated by immunohistochemistry. IgE, IgA, and IgG levels were significantly lower in the immunoglobulin secretion assay than in the control. As a result, the immunomodulatory effect of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan+lactic acid bacteria was confirmed by mixing with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus-infected immunodeficient animal model.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Various culture media have been used for hydroponic cultures of horticultural plants under the smart greenhouses with natural and artificial light types. Management of the culture medium for the control of medium amounts and/or necessary components absorbed by plants during the cultivation period is performed with ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and/or IoT (Internet of Things) in a smart farm system. This study was conducted to develop the cloud-based data analysis system for effective management of culture medium applying to hydroponic culture and plant growth in smart greenhouses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Conventional inorganic Yamazaki and organic media derived from agricultural byproducts such as a immature fruit, leaf, or stem were used for hydroponic culture media. Component changes of the solutions according to the growth stage were monitored and plant growth was observed. Red and green lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) which developed 2~3 true leaves were considered as plant materials. The seedlings were hydroponically grown in the smart greenhouse with fluorescent and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lights of $150{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ light intensity for 35 days. Growth data of the seedlings were classified and stored to develop the relational database in the virtual machine which was generated from an open stack cloud system on the base of growth parameter. Relation of the plant growth and nutrient absorption pattern of 9 inorganic components inside the media during the cultivation period was investigated. The stored data associated with component changes and growth parameters were visualized on the web through the web framework and Node JS. CONCLUSION: Time-series changes of inorganic components in the culture media were observed. The increases of the unfolded leaves or fresh weight of the seedlings were mainly dependent on the macroelements such as a $NO_3-N$, and affected by the different inorganic and organic media. Though the data analysis system was developed, actual measurement data were offered by using the user smart device, and analysis and comparison of the data were visualized graphically in time series based on the cloud database. Agricultural management in data visualization and/or plant growth can be implemented by the data analysis system under whole agricultural sites regardless of various culture environmental changes.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.11-26
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• 2008

목적 : 홍삼약침(藥鍼)이 고혈당 및 지질대사장애에 미치는 개선효과와 그 기전을 조사하고자 한다. 방법 : 홍삼약침(藥鍼)의 anti-diabetic 활성과 그 기전을 C57BL/KsJ db/db mice를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 실험 동물은 대조군(DC), 홍삼약침(藥鍼)군(RGL, RGH) 및 양성대조군(MET, GPZ, PIO)의 6군으로 나누었다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)군은 $0.2m{\ell}$의 홍삼약침멸(藥鍼滅)을 각각 100mg/kg(RGL) 및 200mg/kg(RGH)씩 인체의 간유(肝兪)($BL_{18}$)에 상응하는 혈위에 1일 1회 10주간 좌우 혈을 번갈아가며 약침 시술하였다. 양성대조군은 metformin 300mg/kg(MET), glipizide 15mg/kg(GPZ) 및 pioglitazone 30mg/kg(PIO)을 각각 1일 1회 10주간 경구투여 하였다. 체중과 혈당은 매주 측정하였다. 실험 10주 후에는 혈액채취로 혈중 glucose, 당화혈색소(HbAlc), insulin, 중성지방(TG), adiponectin, leptin, non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA)를 측정 하였고, 간 조직을 채취하여 조직학적 검사 및 gene expression 분석을 시행하였다. 결과 : 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH)은 10주 동안 C57BL/KsJ db/db mice의 체중을 증가시키는 부작용은 나타나지 않았다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)군(RGL, RGH)의 사료섭취량은 대조군과 비슷하였으나 음수량은 증가하였다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH)은 대조군에 비하여 각각 19.8% 및 18.3% 혈당을 낮추었고, 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL)은 insulin resistance를 27.7% 감소시켰으며, 경구내당능 검사의 혈중 glucose에서는 대조군에 비해 홍삼약침(藥鍼)군(RGL, RGH)과 양성대조군(MET, GPZ, PIO)에서 각각 19.8%, 18.3%, 67.7%, 52.3% 및 56.9% 감소시켰다. 당화혈색소(HbAlc)는 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH), MET, GPZ 및 PIO군에서 대조군에 비하여 각각 11.0%, 6.4%, 18.9%, 16.1% 및 27.9% 감소시켰으며, 혈중 glucose감소와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL)은 대조군에 비해 TG와 NEFA를 각각 18.8% 및 16.8% 감소시켰고, adiponectin과 leptin을 각각 20.6% 및 12.1% 증가시켰다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH)은 중성지방의 침착으로 인한 간의 질량비 증가를 억제하지 못하였으나, 지방구를 감소시겼음을 관찰할 수 있었다. Microarray 분석에서는 홍삼약침(藥鍼)(RGL, RGH)이 간에서 glycolysis, gluconeogenesis 및 fatty acid beta-oxidation과 관련된 유전자 발현에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 양성대조군 metformin과 유사한 기전을 나타내었다. 요약 : 홍삼약침(藥鍼)은 T2DM동물모델(C57BL/KsJ db/db mice)에서 항당뇨 및 지질대사 개선활성이 있었다. 홍삼약침(藥鍼)은 C57BL/KsJ db/db mice의 간조직에서 lipogenesis억제 및 fatty acid beta-oxidation활성을 통해 혈당 이용을 높이고, insulin sensitivity를 향상시켰다. 또한 유전자 발현분석을 통해 그 기전이 metformin과 유사함을 확인할 수 있었으므로 향후 홍삼약침(藥鍼)의 새로운 약침 기술 개발 근거가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1172-1181
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• 2007

This research involved 226 Jeonbuk Province school dietitians as subjects to investigate intake and perceptions of the healthy functional foods. Sixty nine percent of the school dietitians didn't even know about the law enforcement concerning the health functional foods. Although 68.1% of the respondents said that they slightly knew about health functional foods, only 25% knew exactly what it was. As shown in the survey, most didn't have the cognitive understanding did not understand which should be obtained by education. Sixty two percent of the answerers said they had experience of taking health various functional food products of various kinds such as supplements (57.9%), red ginseng products (52.9%), and chlorella products (30.0%). The motive of intake was in the order of fatigue restoration (25.7%), sickness prevention (22.9%), and nutrient replenishment (22.9%). A fascinating fact from this study was that the reason for healthy functional product intake was different between groups that was primarily interested in the products and those that was not. For those who had interest, the reason for intake was for sickness prevention. On the other hand, for those who didn't have any interest, the reasons was primarily for fatigue restoration and they were mostly persuaded by close friends and relatives. Main concerns were in the order of side effects (4.72), efficacy after intake (4.59), cleanliness (4.51), reliability of the company (4.29), and price (4.23). In view of the study, it is clear that a lot of people are showing interest in healthy functional food products. However, dietitians who are experts in food and nutrition lacked knowledge and information on healthy functional food.