• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.878-882
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• 2008

The efficacy of citric acid-aqueous chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) treatment of radish seeds artificially contaminated with Escherichia coli was studied. Radish seeds were inoculated with E. coli. Following inoculation, samples were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and soaked in citric acid or aqueous $ClO_2$ for 10 min. The treatment of radish seeds using 200 ppm aqueous $ClO_2$ solution caused a 1.5 log CFU/g reduction in the population of E. coli. Compared to the aqueous $ClO_2$ treatment, soaking radish seeds in 2.0% citric acid solution for 10 min was more effective in reducing E. coli populations on radish seeds. The efficacy of spray application of chlorine (100 ppm) or 0.5% citric acid to eliminate E. coli during the germination and growth of radish was investigated. Radish seed inoculated with E. coli was treated for the duration of the growth period. Although it resulted in a decrease in the E. coli population, the spray application of 100 ppm chlorine during the growth period was not significantly effective. In contrast, the combined treatment of seeds using 200 ppm aqueous $ClO_2$ and treatment of sprouts with 0.5% citric acid solution during sprout growth was hardly effective in eliminating E. coli.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.346-350
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• 2009

The cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a major vegetable crop in the world wide and fast-growing species that grows inhabitats of six continents. It is very important to determine hybrid seed purity in the production of hybrid Brassica vegetable seeds to avoid unacceptable contamination with self-inbred (sib) seeds. The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for evaluating seed purity in $F_2$-hybrid radish cultivars demonstrated. One hundred eighty seeds from the F1 male and female harvest were subsequently screened for seed purity using 13 primers. The 13 primers result in 17 cultivar-specific bands and 23 variable RAPD bands scored for cultivar. RAPD analysis of hybrid seeds from the harvest revealed 128 seeds tested except underdevelopment and decayed seeds were sibs. Especially, $F_2$ hybrids of radish, OPC13, OPD20 were presented clear hybrid bands. It maintains higher than average level of genetic diversity compared with their correspondent parents. RAPD amplification of DNA extracted from germinated individuals from the female harvest reveal that 10 of 208 seeds tested were self-inbred (4.8%). RAPD analysis of hybrid seeds from the male harvest revealed 7 of the 208 seeds tested were sibs (3.4%). The RAPD may lead to a better insight in to the hybrid seed purity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1630-1630
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• 2001

NIR specroscopy is widely used today as a quantitative technique for predicting the chemical composition of various agricultural product. However there exist few application for seed quality assessment, especially for seed germinability. This study is to show the possibilities of a nondestructive estimation of germinability in radish (Raphanus sativus L) seeds. The experiment carried out on one radish cultivar (Chung Su Gung Jung, Nong Woo Bio Co., Ltd.) harvested in 1993. NIR(Foss Co.) spectral measurements were carried out on the seeds surface of flat side. The seeds after spectral measurements were planted on blotter individually and observed germination. The seeds were characterized to nongermination and germination group, which in turn grouped to normal and abnormal germination and then compared with the NIR spectra. The spectra from these seed groups were compared each other, The result suggested that NIR spectra could be applicable to determine radish seeds germinability.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.390-395
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• 2009

Red radish seeds were irradiated at doses up to 8 kGy using electron beam (e-beam) and gamma ray ($\gamma$-ray). The seed viability and functional properties (carotenoid, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and total phenol) of sprouts grown from these irradiated seeds were evaluated. High germination percentage ($\geq$97%) was observed in seeds irradiated at $\leq$5 kGy, but the yield ratio and sprout length significantly decreased with increased irradiation dose. Irradiation at $\geq$6 kGy resulted in curling of the sprout roots. Sprouting enhanced the functional properties of red radish seeds as indicated by the increased carotenoid, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and total phenol contents during germination. However, radiation treatment hampered the growth of seeds resulting in underdeveloped sprouts with decreased carotenoid, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and total phenol contents. In general, e-beam and $\gamma$-ray irradiation of red radish seeds showed similar effects on the seed viability and functional properties of sprouts. Postharvest storage reduced the functional quality of sprouts.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.9 s.89
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• pp.1294-1297
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• 2007

To define diversity of domestic radish, we analysis genetic relationship of anti-fungal protein genes from several domestic radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds. We have isolated from domestic radish (Baekwoon) anti-fungal protein named RAP[12]. In this report, we isolate RNAs and raw protein from radish seeds then, RT-PCR analysis was done with another known anti-fungal sequences of radish from Gene Bank/EMBL and anti-fun- gal, anti-yeast activity were done against Bot교tis cenerea, Saccharomyces cerevisiaeι Candida albicans with it's raw proteins. The anti-fungal activity was shown used all seeds but anti-yeast activity was shown only two seeds (Myungsan, Baekwoon). RT-PCR products (about 0.2 Kb) were not shown only two seeds. To identify the sequencing relationship of the domestic radish, we have cloned and sequenced RAP genes of the radish and analysis the sequence relationship with clustalw program. Thus we report the result that there are some different relationship between domestic radish and known other radish's anti- fungal protein[15].

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.411-419
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• 2012

Purpose: Nondestructive evaluation of seed viability is a highly demanded technique in the seed industry. In this study, hyperspectral imaging system was used for discrimination of viable and non-viable radish seeds. Method: The spectral data with the range from 400 to 1000 nm measured by hyperspectral reflectance imaging system were used. A calibration and a test models were developed by partial least square discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) for classification of viable and non-viable radish seeds. Either each data set of visible (400~750 nm) and NIR (750~1000 nm) spectra and the spectra of the combined spectral ranges were used for developing models. Results: The discrimination accuracy of calibration was 84% for visible range and 76.3% for NIR range. The discrimination accuracy of test was 84.2% for visible range and 75.8% for NIR range. The discrimination accuracies of calibration and test with full range were 92.2% and 92.5%, respectively. The resultant images based on the optimal PLS-DA model showed high performance for the discrimination of the nonviable seeds from the viable seeds with the accuracy of 95%. Conclusions: The results showed that hyperspectral reflectance imaging has good potential for discriminating nonviable radish seeds from massive amounts of viable seeds.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.754-759
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• 2008

The effect of citric acid-aqueous chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) treatment of radish seeds artificially contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium was studied. Radish seeds were inoculated by immersion, in more than 106 log CFU/g seed, of a suspension of S. typhimurium, dried, and stored sealed at $4^{\circ}C$ Radish seeds soaked in 200 ppm aqueous ClO2 solution for 10 min showed a bacterial reduction of 1.08 log CFU/g seed, and the lowering of microbial burden noted in seeds soaked in 2% (w/v) citric acid solution for 10 min was 2.89 log CFU/g seed. Next, radish seeds were exposed to 0.5% (v/v) glycerol solution for 10 min either before or after treatment with 200 ppm aqueous ClO2 or 2% (w/v) citric acid for 10 min. Glycerol exposure after citric acid treatment reduced bacteria by 3.46 log CFU/g seed, and glycerol treatment after aqueous $ClO_2$ treatment reduced the microbial burden by 2.14 log CFU/g seed. Both glycerol treatments yielded better elimination of S. typhimurium than did a single treatment with either citric acid or aqueous $ClO_2$. Radish seeds inoculated with S. typhimurium were treated throughout the entire growth period. Although radish seed treatment was effective, treatment by citric acid and aqueous $ClO_2$ after sprouting was not effective to eliminate S. typhimurium.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.113-120
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• 1998

For a microbial control of a plant pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae, Bacillus sp. strain BT182-3 was isolated. The strain BT182-3 had a growth inhibition against P. syringae not only on agar plate but also on cultured broth. After heat treatment at $40^{\cird}C$ and $80^{\cird}C$ for 30min, the lytic substance from the strain BT182-3 had about 52% remaining activity and 17% remaining activity, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature of the lytic substance was 6.0 and $28^{\cird}C$, respectively. Germination ratio of healthy radish seeds was 87% at $25^{\cird}C$ for 5 days in 0.8% saline, and that of the radish seeds infected with P. syringae was 67%, while that of the radish seeds treated with cultured broth of the strain BT182-3 was 90%. The 5-days healthy radish seedlings were 3.90cm at high and the seedlings infected with P. syringae were 3.06cm at high, while the seedlings treated with cultured broth of the strain BT182-3 were 4.30cm at high. The growth of the radish seedlings infected with P. syringae was inhibited after cultivation for 40days on pots, while the growth of the infected radish seedlings with P. syringae was recovered at stem length, root length and total weight at the same as the healthy seedlings after treatment of a lytic substance from the strain BT182-3.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-67
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• 2001

In order to develop a rapid and simple method for testing the purity of radish hybrid seeds using a procedure based on the PCR(Polymerase chain reaction), eighty random primers were screened with the genomic DNA extracted from five day old seedlings of inbred parent lines and their F1 hybrids. Two primers, HRM-02 (5'-GAGACCAGAC-3') and HRM-19(5'-TGAGGCGTGT-3'), generate reproducible unique PCR patterns which can identify each parent lines as well as their hybrids. In actual test of randomly selected hybrid seeds using the two marker primers, the purity tested by one primer was exactly same as that of other primer. It suggests that one marker primer selected in this experiment is enough for the purity test of radish hybrid seeds. We demonstrates the use of RAPD(randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs) markers to identify each of inbred parent lines and hybrids by rapid and simple method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.907-911
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• 2008

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of very important crop plants in the world. It is very important to determine hybrid seed quality in the production of hybrid Brassica vegetable seeds to avoid unacceptable contamination with self-inbred (sib) seeds. The allozyme for evaluating seed purity in a commercial $F_1-hybrid$ radish cultivar is demonstrated. Three hundred sixty seeds from the male and female harvest were subsequently screened for seed purity using 27 isozyme loci. Especially, F1 hybrids of radish, Per-1 ($aa{\times}bb$), Lap-1 ($aa{\times}bb$), Est-1 ($aa{\times}bb$) were presented clear hybrid bands. Est-1 locus revealed that 15 (8.3%) seeds from the female harvest and 26 (14.4%) seeds from the male harvest were sibs. It maintains higher than average level of genetic diversity compared with their correspondent parents. Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity (I) of hybrids was the highest of all accessions (R. sativus L. cv. Daepeng, R. sativus L. cv. Backza, and their hybrids). The allozyme may lead to a better insight into the hybrid seed purity.