• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.253-259
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• 2017

Propolis, natural antibacterial agent, which has been used traditional medicine across the globe, is resinous mixture to include abundant bioactive substances. In present study, we investigated antimicrobial activity according to quality characteristics of propolis collected from 9 different regions in Korea. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring growth inhibition zone using agar well diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans. Constituents analysis of propolis samples were measured through total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and quantitative analysis of major compound (pinocembrin) by ultra performance liquid chromatography. As a result, 9 different propolis (10mg/mL) and pinocembrin (1mg/mL) showed antimicrobial activity that has growth inhibition zone more than 11.9mm on S. mutans. The total flavonoid contents of 8 different propolis excluding Jeju island were in compliance with standard of health functional food in Korea and were found to affect antimicrobial activity on S. mutans when contained over 10mg/g. In addition, when content of pinocembrin in propolis was ranged from 12mg/g to 32mg/g, each propolis excluding Jeju island exhibited antimicrobial activity alike. These results indicate that pinocembrin plays a important role for antimicrobial activity of propolis collected from 8 different regions in Korea, and that it can be used as basic data for standardization of Korean propolis.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2019

We investigated the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanism of Brazil, China and Korean regional propolis on HeLa ovarian cancer cell line. Each propolis extracts was prepared by ethanol extraction method. Cytotoxicity of propolis extracts was determinated by EZ-cytox cell viability assay. To necessity of anti-tumor effect and molecular mechanism of propolis, we must be adjusting propolis concentration. Due to 100 ㎍/mL of propolis extract were reduced cell viability to less than 50%, we adjusted all of propolis concentration to 100 ㎍/mL. By Western blotting analysis, we confirmed that anti-tumor mechanism of Brazil, China and Korea regional propolis has significantly difference. All of propolis was activated apoptosis related molecules such as PARP, caspase-3. However, cell proliferation signaling molecules including Akt1, ERK and Bcl-2 were reduced the protein expression level. Especially, the expression of tumor suppressor protein p53 was significantly increased in propolis-treated group such as Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Gyeongnam and China. The phosphorylation of Bax which as apoptosis indicator was appeared in propolis-treated group such as Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungnam, Gyeongbuk, China. In this results showed that the regional propolis has completely different mechanism in anti-tumor. Thus, propolis extracts may be useful source of functional materials on anti-cancer and it will be able to choose the suitable propolis for cancer therapy by analyzing individual characteristics.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2000

The effects of vaselin, silver sulfadiazine and propolis on healing of full-thickness skin defects were evaluated in rabbits. Two wounds measuring 2{times}2cm$ were created bilaterally (4 wounds/rabbit) on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of 17 Ne Zealand white. Wound treatments were evenly distributed 4 sites, using a Latin square design. Treatments evaluated were: vaselin(group A), silver sulfadiazine(group B), 5% propolis (group C) and 10% propolis(group D). On days 3, 7 and 14, mean percentage of wound in group A, B, and C. On days 21 and 28, mean percentage of wound contraction in group D were significantly higher than those of groups B and C, but were not higher than that of group A. Microscopically fibersis and epithelialization were noticed on days 14 and 28 after wounding in all group. Rates of fibrosis of collagen fiber and epithelialization of groups C and D were exceeded those of groups A and B. All wounds in all group achieved 100% healing during the 28-day study period. Results indicate that use of propolis as would ointment on full-thickness skin wounds in rabbits increase rate of healing.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical and organoleptic properties of some dairy products supplemented with different concentrations of propolis (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%). There was no significant difference between pH values of the treated and control groups. All samples were tested using 20 evaluators divided in five categories. Compared to the control, the best organoleptic test results were obtained for market milk, yoghurt, and Kefir supplemented with 0.5% propolis. Statistical difference was observed in the taste, flavor, color, texture, and overall acceptability of market milk, yoghurt, and Kefir between the treated and control groups (p<0.05). However, as propolis has a strong aromatic flavor, it should be supplemented in small amounts, so as not to affect the organoleptic properties of the product. In conclusion, this study provides useful information for the development of functional dairy products using propolis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2023

The study aimed to enhance the properties of polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable and biocompatible substitute for fossil-based plastics. Since the applicability of PLA has been limited because of its toughness and brittleness, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and propolis were introduced into PLA. As a result, the PLA film with MFC/propolis showed significant improvements in mechanical strength, elongation, and storage modulus, while also experiencing a decrease in the glass transition temperature. Additionally, the presence of polyphenols in propolis led to a reduction in light transmittance in the UV wavelength range. These enhancements are attributed to MFC tightly bonding with PLA polymers, and propolis acting as a plasticizer and mediator between MFC and PLA, preventing agglomeration. These reinforced PLA films have the potential to be used in flexible packaging for light-sensitive products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.969-972
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• 2000

Quality characteristics and functional properties of four kinds of propolis collected from 4 different regions were compared. Ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) showed high absorbance of UV at 208 ~ 212 nm and at 292~294 nm. Total flavonoid contents of 4 propolis were at a range of 16.30~21.87 mg/g However, no significant difference in the flavonoid content was observed among four kinds of sample. All EEP showed the high antimicrobial activities, especially against Salmonella typhimurium. Hydrogen donating activities of the EEP were high appear 65.94 to 78.67% in all samples. The EEP from Sunchon showed the highest activity of hydrogen donation among samples. All extracts had the higher nitrite-scavenging activity than 0.1% BHT. Compared to control, a significant decrease in lipid oxidation was found in all 4 extracts.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.941-946
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• 2002

Propolis was extracted using various concentrations of ethanol at different solvent-sample ratios. Volatile flavor components of propolis were detected by GC/MS, and the principal components were analysed. The content of total flavonoids (TF) in propolis extract increased 2 to 14% with increasing concentration of ethanol in the extraction solvent from 20 to 50%, but deceased slightly between of 60 and 70%. The 70% ethanol extract of propolis had the strongest antimicrobial activities to E. coli, L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae. Propolis ethanol extracts (2 to 14%) showed higher antioxidative activities when added oil to soybean oil during storage at $37^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.88-92
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• 2017

In the present study, we carried out quantitative analysis of chrysin and pinocembrin in Korean propolis by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) equipped with diode array detector. The separation was done using BEH C18 ($2.1{\times}50mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) column with a mobile phase consisting of MeCN and 0.1% $H_3PO_4$ at 280 nm. The chromatographic method was validated for specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, precision, and accuracy. A quantitative analysis exhibited that the contents of the two compounds in Korean propolis collected from 8 inland areas except Jeju-do ranged from 3.1-46.0 mg/g. These results will be valuable as basic data for standardization of Korean propolis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.835-841
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• 2023

To determine the characteristics of propolis fermented with microorganisms, the optimal conditions for propolis extraction with ethanol were first reviewed, and the physicochemical properties of the extracted propolis were then investigated. The shaking and stationary extraction methods were tested. The flavonoid content was 6.40 mg/g when the stationary extraction method was used and 6.95 mg/g when the shaking extraction method was used. The ethanol concentration was then varied, and the use of 50, 60, 70, and 80% ethanol resulted in the total flavonoid content in the propolis samples reaching 6.75, 8.45, 7.45, and 7.75 mg/g, respectively. This indicated that a 60% (v/v) concentration was optimal. As the extraction time was increased from 1 to 3 hr, the flavonoid content slightly increased; however, extending the extraction step to more than 3 hr did not significantly affect the flavonoid content. In terms of the extraction temperature, the highest concentration of flavonoids (8.63 mg/g) was detected at 50℃. In the propolis samples, 5.80, 2.61, and 1.32 mg/g of fructose, sucrose, and rhamnose were detected, respectively. As for the amino acid content, 17 amino acids, including glutamic acid, were detected, and the total amino acid content was 2.49 mg/g.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.834-839
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• 2017

Propolis is a natural product collected from plants by honey bees product used extensively in traditional medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer effects. Propolis exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities because it is a complex mixture of natural substances. Ovarian cancer is the second most common newly diagnosed cancer from all cancers among women in Korea and the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. While most ovarian cancer patients initially respond to surgical debulking and chemotherapy, patients later succumb to the disease. Thus, there is an urgent need to test novel therapeutic agents to counteract the high mortality rate associated with ovarian cancer. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer properties and the active mechanism of Australian propolis in human epithelial ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Our data revealed that propolis showed a cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis using propidium iodide staning and annexin V-FITC indicated that propolis could induce cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner on human epithelial ovarian cancer cells. These results suggest that the Australian propolis is potential alternative agent on ovarian cancer prevention and treatment.