• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.25-30
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• 1982

The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the patients with toxemia of pregnancy and sodium, potassium and chlorine content in their blood serum and the intake diet. The author analyzed or titrated the concentration of serum and diet electrolytes for the antenatal and gynecologic inpatients (19 normal and 17 toxemic pregnant women ranged 23 to 32 years old) of the Han gang sacred Heart Hospital in Seoul and also determined their daily salt intake. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1. In the patients with toxemia of pregnancy mean sodium concentration in serum $(147.2{\pm}11.0mEq/L\;(338.5mg/dl)$ was greater than that of normal pregnant women (140 mEq/L corresponding to 322mg/dl) 2. In the toxemic pregnant women serum chlorine level (mean $113.4{\pm}5.6 mEq/L$ corresponding to 402.5mg/dl) showed the increase of 9.9 mEq /L(36.9 mg/dl) when compared to mean value of normal pregnant women(103.5mEq/L corresponding to 365.6mg/dl). 3. Mean potassium content in pregnant women with toxemia($4.59{\pm}0.7mEq/L$ corresponding to 17.9mg/dl) was similar to that of normal pregnant women(4.2mEq/L corresponding to 16.3mg/dl). 4. It was found that the salt content detected in the diet of toxemic pregnant women (mean $20.84{\pm}2.1g/day$) was greater than daily mean salt intake of normal pregnant women (19g).

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.212-219
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hand stimulation intervention by moxa on fatigue and the blood cortisol level in pregnant women. Method: This study was conducted using a nonequivalent control-group pretest-posttest design from Oct 13 to Dec 15, 2005. The participants were pregnant women in the Gyeong-gi area. The numbers of experimental and control subjects were 16 and 13, respectively. The hand stimulation intervention by moxa was applied to the experimental group three times a week, for a total of fifteen times for five weeks. Result: The blood cortisol level was statistically significantly different between the two groups. However, the degree of fatigue was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: These results suggest that hand stimulation intervention by moxa can be used as an effective nursing intervention in pregnant women. The implications for nursing practice and directions for future research are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1998

This study was designed to estimate mean daily iron intake and its bioavailabi- lity and to assess nutrition knowledge for 144 pregnant women in the last trimester. Serum ferritin concentration was analyzed to estimate their iron stores. Dietary intakes of iron(heme iron and nonheme iron), the amounts of MPF(meat, poultry and fish) and ascorbic acid were assessed by modified 24-hr recall method. The food frequency questionnaire was used to assess subjects usual food consumption patterns. The mean value of serum ferritin was $21.3\pm{15.2ng/ml}$ and 26.4% of the pregnant women had a serum ferritin level <12ng/ml(i.e. depleted iron stores). The mean daily intake of total orin in the pregnant women was 56.5%(17.0mg) of RDA and heme iron intake was 0.94mg which was 5.5% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Monsen was 2.41mg and bioavailability of dietary iron was 2.41%. Food frequency test score of meats group was positively correlated(r=0.443) with the bioaavailability of dietary iron. The mean score on the nutrition knowledge test of subjects was 12.76(out of a possible 20 points). These results indicate that the nutritional iron status may be improved by increasing either the amount of iron in the diet or its availability.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.506-520
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• 2018

Purpose: To compare the effects of the Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior (IMCHB)-based oral health program (OHP) and walking exercise program (WEP) on oral health behaviors, periodontal disease, physical activity, and psychological indicators (depression, stress, and quality of life) in pregnant women. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was adopted to compare the effects of a 12-week OHP and WEP on pregnant women (n=65). Pregnant women were randomly assigned to the oral health group (OHG; n=23), walking exercise group (WEG; n=21), or control group (CG; n=21). Data were analyzed by the ${\chi}^2-test$, Fisher's exact test, Scheffe test, and repeated measures ANOVA, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (version 21.0). Results: The OHG and WEG showed significant improvements in oral health behaviors, periodontal disease, and psychological indicators as compared to the CG. The WEG showed significant improvement in physical activity as compared to the OHG and CG. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the IMCHB-based OHP and WEP were effective in improving periodontal disease, physical activity, and psychological indicators. However, further studies are needed to identify the positive effects of the OHP and WEP on birth outcomes.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a couple-centered antenatal education program and to test the program's feasibility. Methods: With a preliminary-experimental study design, 33 pregnant couples who were expecting their first child participated in this study. The program consisted of four sessions (1 hour/session/week) of education and counseling. Data were collected before and after the intervention from September 2018 to April 2019 at a women's hospital in Daejeon, Korea, with demographic data forms, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale, Korean Newborn Care Confidence Scale, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale-10. Results: The pregnant women and their husbands were on average 32.30±3.10 and 33.21±6.25 years old, respectively. The mean marriage duration was 2.34±1.63 years, the gestational age was 31.30±2.66 weeks, and 78.8% of the couples had a planned pregnancy. After the program, both the pregnant women and their husbands showed significant improvements in attachment to the fetus and confidence in providing infant care. Prenatal depression, prenatal stress, and fear of childbirth in pregnant women significantly decreased after completing the program. However, the dyadic adjustment score did not change significantly either in the pregnant women or their husbands. Conclusion: A couple-centered antenatal education program seems to be effective for couples adjusting to parenthood, but further studies should explore ways to have a positive impact on couples' relationships.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.154-168
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify knowledge, awareness, and risk of occurrence of venous thromboembolism among pregnant women. Methods: Subjects were 106 pregnant women treated as inpatients and outpatients at a women's health hospital in a metropolitan city February 19-March 22, 2018. Instruments consisted of questionnaires that included knowledge, awareness, and risk of occurrence of venous thromboembolism queries. Collected data were analyzed by t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Mean score of subjects' knowledge of venous thromboembolism was 4.47 (0-15), mean score of subjects' awareness of venous thromboembolism was 66.98 (25-100), and mean score of subjects' risk factor of venous thromboembolism was 0.98 (0-44). Conclusions: Pregnant women's level of knowledge and awareness of prevention and risk factors on venous thromboembolism, is significantly low. To raise their awareness of risk symptoms and prevent occurrence of the disease, it is essential for nurses as well as medical staffs to: 1) provide an educational program on venous thromboembolism for patients; 2) assess and monitor pregnant women with a risk factor of venous thromboembolism; and 3) implement proper prophylaxis for patients.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.248-258
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to develop a series of education materials as a card news format to provide nutrition information for pregnant and lactating women. Methods: The materials were developed in seven steps. As a first step, the needs of pregnant and lactating women were assessed by reviewing scientific papers and existing education materials, and by interviewing a focus group. The second step was to construct main categories and the topics of information. In step 3, a draft of the contents in each topic was developed based on the scientific evidence. In step 4, a draft of card news was created by editors and designers by editing the text and embedding images in the card news. In step 5, the text, images and sequences were reviewed to improve readability by the members of the project team and nutrition experts. In step 6, parts of the text or images or the sequences of the card news were revised based on the reviews. In step 7, the card news were finalized and released online to the public. Results: A series of 26 card news for pregnant and lactating women were developed. The series covered five categories such as nutrition management, healthy food choices, food safety, favorites to avoid, nutrition management in special conditions for pregnant and lactating women. The satisfaction of 7 topics of the card news was evaluated by 140 pregnant women, and more than 70% of the women were satisfied with the materials. Conclusions: The card news format materials developed in this study are innovative nutrition education tools, and can be downloaded on the homepage of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Those materials can be easily shared in social media by nutrition educators or by pregnant and lactating women to use.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.358-367
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors associated with diabetes management self-efficacy in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Korea. Methods: A total of 173 pregnant women with GDM in Korea were recruited by posting announcements at two Korean online communities focusing on pregnancy and GDM. Participants completed a structured online survey from July to September 2018. Thirteen inappropriate responses were excluded and a total of 160 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated and multiple regression with the enter method was done to identify the associations of depressive mood, anxiety, emotional intelligence, and sleep quality with diabetes management self-efficacy. Results: Respondents reported a moderately depressive mood (mean, 10.36), low to moderate anxiety (mean, 41.65), above-average emotional intelligence (mean, 78.04), moderate sleep quality (mean, 42.01), and above-average diabetes management self-efficacy (mean, 52.29). The major factor associated with diabetes management self-efficacy of pregnant women with GDM was emotional intelligence (β=.51, p<.001). Other factors, in descending order of influence, were sleep quality (β=.22, p<.001) and exercise (β=.18, p=.004). Taken together, the aforementioned factors explained 34.6% (F=39.53, p<.001) of the total variance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that to improve the diabetes management self-efficacy of pregnant women with GDM, it is necessary to develop an education program that can also enhance emotional intelligence, sleep quality, and exercise.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify basic data for the health fare of normal pregnant women. The number of subjects was 779 pregnant women who received prenatal care in two University hospitals. The data, which were collected from June to October, 1998. and used the questionnaire “Symptom Table on Fatigue Perception” designed by the Research Committee of the Industial Fatigue in Hygienic. Association of Japan Industry. The collected data were scored by use of means and standard deviations according to the subjective symptoms of fatigue and each item as an independent variable was analysed by t-test and ANOVA test. The results are as follows : 1) Degree of subjective fatigue showed as an average of 1.81. Fatigue as physical symptoms had the highest score with 2.09. followed by neuro-sensory symptoms, 1.69 and psychological symptoms had the lowest score 1.66. 2) With the respect to the general characteristics of the subjects. there were statiscally significant difference in experience of pregnancy(t＝-2.286, p＝.023). wanted pregnancy(t＝-2.935, p＝.004), parity(t＝-2.429, p＝.015), sleeping time(F＝3.478, p＝.031). and presence of other child(t＝2.347, p＝0.19).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

Purpose: This study examined whether or not changes in the static and dynamic balance performance occur during pregnancy. Methods: Fourteen pregnant women and fourteen non-pregnant women volunteered to participate in the study. All subjects were tested for their balance performance on the Chattecx Balance System (Chattanooga Group, Inc., USA) under a two platform condition: stable platform and dynamic platform(forward-backward sliding and tilting). The Chattecx Balance System was measured using the postural sway index, anterior-posterior sway index, and medial-lateral sway index. Results: There was a significant difference in the postural sway index and anterior posterior sway index in the static and dynamic platform condition between the pregnant and non-pregnant women (p<0.05). However, there was no difference in the medial-lateral sway index. Conclusion: The postural sway index and anterior-posterior sway index decreases during pregnancy.