• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 2014

'Dahan' (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat cultivar for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 2011. It was derived from an original cross between $F_1$[Sprinter/73625] and 'Gwiri26'. Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon. A line, 'SO99027-GB-B-113-4-4-3', was selected for cold tolerance and good agronomic characteristics and as a line name of 'Gwiri75'. The line 'Gwiri75' was subsequently evaluated for cold tolerance and forage yield during 3 years in four region such as Yesan, Iksan, Kimjae, and Jeju, from 2009 to 2011 and finally named as 'Dahan'. Though similar in heading date to the check cultivar Samhan, 'Dahan' had tall plant length and lodging resistance. It's average forage dry matter yield harvested at milk-ripe stage was 15.6 ton $ha^{-1}$, compared with 14.1 ton $ha^{-1}$ of check cultivar. Cultivar 'Dahan' was lower to the check cultivar 'Samhan' in protein content (8.4% and 9.9%, respectively), while it was superior to the check cultivar in total digestible nutrients (TDN) (60.8% and 59.3%, respectively), and in TDN yield $ha^{-1}$ (9.5 ton and 8.4 ton, respectively). Fall sowing of 'Dahan' is recommended only in the areas where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than $-7^{\circ}C$ in January, and excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.21-25
• /
• 2014

Singwangok, a new single cross variety, was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2012. This hybrid, consisting of a high yield of grain, was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS172 and KS173. KS172 is the seed parent and KS173 is the pollen parent of Singwangok. It is a yellow-orange intermediate maize hybrid (Zea mays L.). After the preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial of Singwangok (Suwon185) in Suwon for 2 years, the regional yield trial of that was subsequently carried out for its growth characteristics and yield at 3 different locations from 2010 to 2012. It was named as Singwangok. The silking date of Singwangok is similar to the check hybrid, Jangdaok. The plant height of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok, but its ear height ratio is lower than that of Jangdaok. Moreover, it has a resistance to lodging. The ear number per 100 plants of Singwangok is more 17 than that of Jangdaok, whereas the ear length of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok. Further, the weight of 100 seeds of Singwangok is similar to Jangdaok. It has a moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and a strong resistance to northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). Furthermore, it has a moderate resistance to the black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV), ear lot and corn borer. The grain yield of Singwangok, 7.81 ton/ha, was similar to that of Jangdaok. The seed production of Singwangok was well processed due to the good match during crossing between the seed parent, KS172 and the pollen parent, KS173, in Yeongwol; the F1 seed yield was 3.84ton/ha. Singwangok would be a suitable cultivar to all plain areas in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.252-257
• /
• 2000

The physicochemical and pasting properties of amaranth starches isolated from five cultivars, Andy, Suvarna, Nu World, K266-1, K432, grown in Korea, were investigated. The shapes of starch granules were all polygonal and size was in the range $1.14{\sim}1.48\;{\mu}m$ for all five cultivars. X-ray diffractograms were shown typical A type diffraction patterns for all amaranth starches. The protein and crude lipid contents of starches were $0.13{\sim}0.23%$ and $0.01{\sim}0.05%$, respectively. The apparent amylose contents ranged from $2.79{\sim}4.35%$ and the water binding capacities were $128.05{\sim}135.80%$. The transmittances of 0.1% amaranth starch suspensions except K266-1 increased rapidly above $65^{\circ}C$, thereafter increased slowely. The initial pasting and peak temperature ranges of five cultivars by RVA were $71.3{\sim}73.7^{\circ}C$ and $81.5{\sim}84.0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The peak and cooling viscosities followed the order : Nu World>Andy>Suvarna>K432>>K266-1. Nu World was shown the highest peak (166), final (103) and cooling viscosities (30 RVU). K266-I exhibited the lowest setback (-38) of all five cultivars. Gelatinization (To) and peak temperature (Tp) of amaranth starches in DSC thermograms were $65.7{\sim}68.0^{\circ}C$ and $70.6{\sim}75.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Enthalpies followed the order: K266-1

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.1278-1284
• /
• 2000

The study was performed to elucidate the effects of ethylene-absorbent on the quality of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruits in the MA package. Five persimmons were packed in a MA package film (low density polyethylene, 0.055 mm film thickness), and stored at $-0.5^{\circ}C$ for 60 days. Two persimmons were repacked in a MA package with or without ethylene absorbent $(1\;M\;KMnO_4+zeolite)$ and stored at $-0.5^{\circ}C$. Ten days later, these packages was moved to $2^{\circ}C$ or $25^{\circ}C$ storage room to examine the effect of the ethylene-absorbent on the quality of the fruits. Ethylene removal by enclosed ethylene absorbent in MA packaging reduced the rate of fruit respiration at $25^{\circ}C$, so that $O_2$ and $CO_2$ concentration in packing were maintained higher and lower, respectively, compared to control. These effects were not observed, however, in $2^{\circ}C$ post-storage. Fruit firmness and sugar composition were also influenced by ethylene absorbent, showing more delayed flesh softening and higher sucrose concentration in ethylene absorbent treated fruits than control. But ethylene-absorbent treatment lowered glucose and fructose concentration. That shows that ethylene could influence on sugar composition by inhibiting sucrose inversion to glucose and fructose. The production of ethanol and acetaldehyde was reduced by ethylene removal, but the effect was not so high as other quality indices.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.97-110
• /
• 2012

This study aimed at considering the original shape of Iljiam Tea Garden at Mt. Daedun. In order to accomplish our goal, we tried to strengthen the authenticity of construction of Iljiam by comparing its space structure depicted in the poetry of Choeui(艸衣) the monk with its current restored state. According to the clues and situation in the poetry along with symbolic words like 'Choeui' and 'Ilji(一枝)', Iljiam seemed to be a tea garden with elegant and celestial beauties, and with a nice view where Choeui the famous monk searched for the highest state of enlightenment by enjoying and living in nature. When we compared the plural aspects of Iljiam like Dacheon(茶泉), Dajo, Mulhwak, Darim(茶林), Chaewon(菜園), and Yeonji(蓮池) with those of Dasan Tea Garden[茶山草堂], we could see that the basic components of tea-culture space of both gardens are the same, showing the organizational principle of the top and bottom area to stress reading and studying. When it is restored, the authenticity of Iljiam should be pursued by linking spatial, historical, and landscaping characteristics as the space of which Choeui the monk carried out Zen meditation and mastered tea. However, the recent grand scale Buddhist business like the expansion of access road and construction of Buddhist sanctuary and Seolimdang became the biggest threat to the authenticity. Especially, it was emphasized many times in various poetry that the view from Iljiam and its surroundings is extraordinary, so it is critical to get rid of obstacles to the view from Iljiam and its surroundings in order to restore Iljiam as its genuine form. The current Iljiam should be re-made because it is like a leaf-roofed garden, not like a hermitage. However, the opinion that Jawoohongryeon-sa(紫芋紅蓮社) is somewhat a Taoistic and Taoist hermit space with a special shape adopted the pattern of building of the Joseon period rather than a Buddhist building can be accepted as long as other convincing historical evidences are found out, considering the ideology of uniting Confucianism and Buddhism and the spirit of Taoist hermit found out from poetry of Choeui and his friends. In conclusion, the restoration of Iljiam in 1979 was carried out to restore the place of Iljiam rather than to restore the originality of Iljiam by combining and referring domestic cases of tea gardens. However, there is not much material for restoration even though the main frame of Iljiam was distorted. Nevertheless, the top and bottom ponds should be constructed as a rectangle shape. In addition, it can be improved much in terms of plants and trees. It is necessary to restore bamboo forest, which was razed in order to make a tea plantation around Seolimdang, to set vines of arbors above the upper limbs, to plant pine trees and willow trees inside of the garden, and to put Dajeolgu under the corner of the eaves. Especially, the bamboo forest emphasized in poetry and took care of by Choeui himself should be restored inside of the garden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.42-56
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the construction characteristics and the landscaping design skill for Wiyiam at Ongnyucheon(玉流川) in the rear garden of Changdeok Palace focusing on constructing technique, space composition and transformational process of the site. The results of this study were summarized as follows; First, Wiyiam of Ongnyucheon was constructed as garden ornament which was modified the huge bedrock into the shape of the mountain. The waterfall of Wiyiam was originally made of torrent which water flowed into the bottom, but it was reconstructed to take the effect of Inak(離落: the method to drop water from high place) by carving rock into square shape at the era of King Gojong(高宗). Second, main characteristics of Wiyiam appeared in Donggwoldo was the hill built up with a square pond and ground at the back of Wiyiam and the profound scenery of mountains and stream from the view of Wiyiam. Also, pavilions such as Soyojeong(逍遙亭), Cheongujeong and Taegeukjeong(太極亭) built in Ongnyucheon seemed to be constructed as the spots to appreciate the view and waterfall sound of Wiyiam. Also the spots were not bounded by the function of creating special water systems such as Cheongujeong pond and Taegeukjeong pond and showed the outstanding landscape design skill to make people feel unusual interest from each spot. On the other hand, this study considered that the evening scenery of Wiyiam, beautiful sound of falling water, unusual water system with beautiful plant materials were landscaped for the function of the psychological peace and stability to the appreciators. Lastly, the extreme change of space composition in Ongnyucheon was assumed as a strategy to improve the existing poor drain environment by confirming that the mountain stream and wall of Soyojeong were removed and drainage in both side of Soyojeong was installed in the 21th year of King Gojong's reign(1884).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.70-83
• /
• 2013

To widen prospect of villa as Korea traditional garden, the result of the research about constructional characteristics of Seogo-jeongsa and Sameun-jeong of Yeoju Lee family at Toero-ri, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, is abstracted as below. Seogo-jeongsa(西皐精舍) and Sameun-jeong(三隱亭) was intended to practise retirement with sense of unity with the head residence, since Seogo-jeongsa was 340m far and sameun-jeong was 630m far away from head residence, which set within 1km. Although Seogo-jeongsa's basic prop, Sameun-jeong's timber, which are both from designer's pen name and head residence name, "Hangjae(恒齋)" and "Yongjae(庸齋)," and Hanseoam have each different exposure, it is homogeneous as space configurational side in order to optimize the gaze leading effect and appreciated domestic trees from the pond, which is center of the garden and the significant facility. Method of direction of Seogo-jeongsa's Hwalsudang(活水塘) and Sameunjeong's pond of Sameun-ji(三隱 池) gets attention by distinction. Especially, directing of 3 step water flow from behind to front and traditional pond method, called Bangji-Bangdo(方池方島), were very unique that any other place can be found. Also, the middle islet on the pond at both villa, which isn't more supper, but more for the symbolic molding that seek a stone pagoda(石假山), is more interesting directing method as considering the relationship of the 3 stone pagoda imageries on the surface of Ghwayukchon(果肉泉) At the same time, Seogo-jeongsa and Sameun-jeong shows very different characteristics from traditional villa that adopted both domestic trees and foreign trees. Particularly, it is extremely exceptional case to plant vigorous needleleaf tree, such as Chamaecyparis pisifera, C. obtusa, Pinus bungeana, P. palustris, Sciadopitys verticillata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Cedrus deodara, on Sameun-jeong. Moreover, adopting foreign wild needleleaf trees for landscaping trees, such as a Torreya nucifera, Taxus cuspidata, P. parviflora, and foreign landsacping trees, such as P. bungeana, Cryptomeria japonica and C. obtusa tells planting trend of the late Joseon dysnasty era. Also, as we can know from 2 Jipgyeong(集景), which is 'Seogo-jabyoung 17 young(西皐雜詠十七詠)', and 'Sameun-jeong 12 Gyoung(三隱亭十二景)' which are set on both villa, the intend to expand the garden area is strongly shown by the natural forest directing. As a result, Seogo-jeongsa and Sameun-jeong, located at Toero-li Miryang, are sharing the traditional Joseon dynasty era's custom, such as space and visual composition; however, it is different and attractive garden remains as a point of view of water directing, stone pagodas, and adopting foreign landscaping trees.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.98-109
• /
• 2017

The results of this study attempting to graft to the space by cognizing and categorizing the characteristic of the under-toned private property to the tablets of the Zhuozhengyuan are as follows. The tablet of Zhuozhengyuan was typed into three groups. In the A group, the frequency of artificial elements including the top, ship, and head was high, and the main emphasis was on the elegance and integrity spirit that the Sunbi(classical scholar) had to have. It has a characteristic of good architects such as pavilion and Nu(樓) is included and as it is adjacent to the water surface the one side of the building is integrated to the water surface. The B group is characterized mainly by the fact that the scenery is portrayed through the climatic factors including rain, wind, and snow, or the scene atmosphere and it is located at the top of the summit which is good for viewing the scenery. In the C group, plant elements such as lotus, magnolia, plum, and bamboo appeared frequently, and various buildings such as pavilion, Kwan(館), Gak(閣) and Dang(堂) belong to this structure. The structure has the characteristic of integrating directly with the water surface or putting the terrace between and scattering throughout the whole garden. Furthermore, this study identified area characteristics based on the frequency of the tablet type. In the west area, Group A is mostly distributed and the humor and concept implied in the tablet, combined with the shape and location of the scenery, viewpoint of the viewer, and the composition of the landscape, improved the orderliness of the space, which led to expand the scope of the enjoyment to the entire space. Meanwhile, in the middle area, tablets of Group C are mostly distributed, and the unique characteristics and shapes of the woody plants that were used as the name of the tablet were connected with various buildings including pavilion, Dang, Kuan, and Gak, improving the unique identity of the space and forming connection with the world of ideas through unity and independence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.986-992
• /
• 2001

To assess the food intake and diet quality of middle school students who live in Kangneung area, a dietary survey using 3-day food record was conducted with 226 subjects. Seventy five percent of total food intake was in the form of plant foods and the rest in the form of animal food. Diet qualify was assessed by food group pattern, dietary diversity score (DDS), and dietary variety score (DVS). When counting the major food groups consumed, 53% of subjects had a DDS of 3 and 35% of subjects had a DDS of 4. When investigating the consumption pattern of the major five food groups, only 10.2% of subjects consumed foods from all five groups. The groups most frequently missed were dairy products (73.0%) and fruits (71.7%). On average, subjects habitually consumed 22.6 different foods daily, with the mean score of diet variety for males (22.1) being significantly lower than for females (22.9). Correlation coefficients between nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and DVS ranged from r=0.40 for vitamin B$_1$to r=0.61 for phosphorus. NAR also improved as the number of foods or food groups consumed increased (p<0.001). Associations between the NAR and high level of DVS was more positive than those between the NAR with DDS. When assessing the dietary quality of subjects using DDS and DVS, many people appeared not to have a desirable food intake. Therefore, to lead them to have nutritionally balanced diet, educating students and their parents on nutrients and suggesting guidelines for a desirable diet is considered to be essential so that they can intake from all of major food groups and have various foods in their diet.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.78 no.4
• /
• pp.333-344
• /
• 1989

The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth of Gyrophora esculanta and to establish a method of tissue culture of the plant. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The Gyrophora esculanta was found growing mostly on the rock slopes of 722 m to 1915 min elevation on mountains in Korea. 2. Trees growing in the vicinity of the G. esculanta were mainly Quercus spp., Pinus thunbergii, Acer spp. and Lespedeza spp, Especially Quercus spp. was found growing in all of the study site. 3. The average Length of the rock slopes with G. esculanta growing on was 14 m and their aspects were mostly south. 4. The G. esculanta were found growing on rocks of Crystalline Schist, Quartz, Liparite, Granite, ete. Particularly they were mostly found on granites. The gradient of the rock slopes was in the range of 22-90 degrees. 5. The mean number of individuals of G. esculanta per one rock slope ranged from 14 at Mt. Bukhan to 70 at Mt. Jrri. Their mean diameter ranged from 1.8cm at Mt. Munsu to 4.6cm at Mt, Sokri. 6. The average percentage of G. esculanta with fruit body was 17.6%. The highest value was found at Mt. Cheonhwang (24.0%). 7. When the 100 segments of rhizoid of Gyrophora esculanta cultured in Detmer's medium supplemented with kinetine 5mg/l and 2, 4-D 3mg/l, n callus of microspore origins were induced from about 20% of the segments. As the induced n callus was transplanted on the six different types of rocks, it was observed that the juvenile G. esculanta grew best on granite and the development rate of G. esculanta on the granite was about 55%.