• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a mitogen- activated protein kinase kinase kinase, plays pivotal roles in stress responses. In addition, ASK1 has emerged as a key regulator of immune responses elicited by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous danger signals. Recent studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of ASK1 is required for LPS-stimulated cytokine production as well as extracellular ATP-induced apoptosis in immune cells. The mechanism of ROS-dependent regulation of ASK1 activity by thioredoxin and TRAFs has been well characterized. In this review, we focus on the molecular details of the activation of ASK1 and its involvement in innate immunity.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

Many pharmaceutical products are available through prescription (Rx) only status. As a result, access to physicians and insurance coverage play a key role in the use of these products, and therefore may affect the population to whom advertising is targeted at. The movement of pharmaceutical products from prescription (Rx) to Over-the-Counter (OTC), or Rx-to-OTC switch changes the cost of acquiring the drug and therefore may change the incentives manufacturers have at targeting particular population segments. This study examines whether Rx-to-OTC switch changes the frequency and the distribution of who is exposed to pharmaceutical advertising. Using an archive of pharmaceutical advertisements and National Consumer Survey, this study examines how individuals with particular demographic characteristics are exposed to pharmaceutical advertisements before and after drugs are moved from Rx to OTC. The results provide evidence that individual's advertising exposure increases after Rx-to-OTC switch. Moreover, the increase in advertising exposure is greater for the low socioeconomic status (SES) consumers which implies they may get more information about the disease, treatment and product after the Rx-to-OTC switch through advertising. If low SES consumers have more exposure to the advertising after products switched to OTC, then FDA policies regulating this switch should recognize the potential role of advertising providing access to health-related information.

• 월간한국양록
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• 제8권1호통권49호
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• pp.80-84
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• 2003

• 월간한국양록
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• 제8권2호통권50호
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• pp.102-106
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• 2003

• 월간한국양록
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• 제8권3호통권51호
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• pp.120-123
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• 2003

• 유통과학연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.17-34
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• 2007

한국 제약산업은 제약회사의 수와 거래선의 수가 많고, 다품종 소량생산체제이며 동일성분의 경쟁품이 많은 실정이다. 이러한 실정 하에서 통합물류가 물류원가 절감 및 효율적인 배송에는 적절한 방안이라고 할 수 있으나 기업마다 다른 배송 조건 문제, 다품종 소량주문의 적기 배송 문제 등 회사 특유의 서비스 제공 등에 한계가 있어서 경쟁적 매출증가에 문제점이 있다 하겠다. 이와 같이 물류원가는 절감해야하고 영업효율성은 증대시켜야 하는 두 가지 문제를 두고 다음과 같은 대처방안을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 제약회사 간 품목 공동마케팅 실시. 둘째, 규모가 비슷한 3개 회사 이하 합동 배송실시. 셋째, 매출이 큰 제품은 도매상과 유통 일원화 협약. 넷째, 도매상이 제약 물류 서비스하도록 준비. 다섯째, 거래선의 협조 등이다. 결론적으로 한국제약산업에서 통합물류가 필요하지만 산업의 특성상 중소제약회사는 완전 통합물류는 매출이 감소할 것이라는 가정하에 그 시행이 어려울 것으로 판단되는 것이다.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.31-44
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to figure out the characteristics of corporate life cycle and resource input in terms of the sustainability diagnosis of pharmaceutical companies in Korea. Research design, data, and methodology: Using the Gompertz model under the assumption that companies have finite resources, this study tries quantitative interpretation of life cycle and resource input pattern for longevity companies with 25 years of experience among 158 pharmaceutical companies listed on Korean stock market based on maturity of revenue. Results: The study found revenue maturity through Gompertz model was statistically correlated with enterprise value. According to the life cycle analysis, more than 95% of 59 pharmaceutical companies were in the growth and maturity phase and have an average life cycle of 88 years and an average remaining life of 52 years. Regarding maturity profile of resource input, maturity of employees was generally high more than 60% and this meant there was jobless growth in Korean pharmaceutical industry. Conclusion: This study demonstrated there is a high statistical correlation between the maturity of a company's resource input and its revenue and enterprise value. It is believed that these results could be utilized as a basis for high fidelity function that predict revenue and enterprise value based on resource input information.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.102-105
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• 2002

Phoborhodopsin (pR or sensory rhodopsin II, sRII; the absorption maximum of ∼ 500 nm) is a retinoid protein and works as a photoreceptor of the negative phototaxis of Halobacterium salinarum. pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR or pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II, psRII) is a corresponding protein of Natronobacterium pharaonis. These sensory proteins form a complex with a cognate transducer protein in the membrane, and this complex transmits the light-signal to the cytoplasm to evoke avoidance reaction from blue-green light. Recently, the functional expression in Escherichia coli membrane of ppR was achieved, which can afford a large amount of the protein and enables mutant studies to clarify the role of various amino acid residues. A truncated transducer which can bind to ppR is also expressed in Escherichia. coli membrane. In this article, we will review properties of ppR mainly using observations of our laboratory; which contains photochemistry (photocycle), light-driven proton uptake, release and transport, F -helix titling during photocycle and association of the transducer.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2018

In vitro diagnostic veterinary medical reagents (IVDVMRs) were diverted the medical devices from medicine by the revision of the pharmaceutical affairs act enforcement regulations in 2015 in Korea. It classified into class I-IV according to risks of individual and public health. However, good manufacturing practices requirements on IVDVMRs were exempted from the current system. The registration of IVDVMRs by the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency has gradually increased since 2012, and total of 584 products from 68 companies were registered from 1978 to 2017. Most of these items are clinical immunochemistry (infection disease), clinical immunochemistry (non-infection disease), molecular genetics, endocrinology, blood gas analysis, clinical microbiology, toxin, heavy metal and drug of abuse, other etc. The market size of IVDVMRs reported from the Korea Animal Health Products Association was estimated to be approximately 51.9 billion won in 2017. The domestic consumption and the export sales were approximately 31.2 and 20.7 billion won, respectively. They are increasing 23.9% (CAGR) in domestic consumption and 40.4% (CAGR) in export from 2011 to 2017.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.6.1-6.14
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• 2019

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subset of cells with different functional characteristics compared to classical dendritic cells. The pDCs are critical for the production of type I IFN in response to microbial and self-nucleic acids. They have an important role for host defense against viral pathogen infections. In addition, pDCs have been well studied as a critical player for breaking tolerance to self-nucleic acids that induce autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus. However, pDCs have an immunoregulatory role in inducing the immune tolerance by generating Tregs and various regulatory mechanisms in mucosal tissues. Here, we summarize the recent studies of pDCs that focused on the functional characteristics of gut pDCs, including interactions with other immune cells in the gut. Furthermore, the dynamic role of gut pDCs will be investigated with respect to disease status including gut infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancers.