• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2014

The number of species of non-native and invasive marine algae is growing, with concomitant public concern about native ecosystems and coastlines. Gelidium vagum, recently introduced from northeast Asia to Europe and North America, commonly occurs from the intertidal to subtidal zones in Korea, China, and Japan. To investigate the level of genetic diversity of native populations, we analyzed mitochondrial cox1 and cob from 108 specimens of G. vagum from Korea, China, eastern Russia, including from the Netherlands and USA. The haplotype network of individual and cox1 + cob datasets revealed no genetic structure in local populations, suggesting genetic flow between Korean populations. Our results corroborate a typical pattern of genetic diversity for introduced species, with low levels in introduced populations and high levels in native populations. All haplotypes were shared between the Netherlands and USA, but not between Korea and the Netherlands / USA except cox1. Additional sampling will identify donor populations in native northeast Asian waters. This is the first report of the utility of the mitochondrial coding cob sequences in red algae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study suggested suitable soil textures that is proper to propagate native plants to manage and restore barren land in DMZ. Germination tests were conducted for 16 native herbaceous plants growing in the DMZ border area in accordance with FAO-BI (Biodiversity International) standards, and the germination rate and T₅₀ in vitro were investigated. In order to examine the germination characteristics according to the soil textures, we used gravel, bed and mixed soil and investigated the germination characteristics under ordinary room temperature conditions in the greenhouse. As a result, it was observed that the germination rate in the greenhouse was significantly decreased compared to the germination rate in vitro of the species advertised due to soil textures. T₅₀ between the in vitro and each soil texture showed significant differences whereas T₅₀ between soil textures alone did not in all species advertised. The germination rate in vitro of Aster koraiensis, Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum, Hosta clausa, and Hosta minor there was no significant difference compared to ordinary room temperature conditions. In addition, as the germination rate is demonstrated more than 70%, which is relatively higher than other species advertised, it is considered to have strong environmentally adaptable. On the other hand, considering that the 6 species of Leontopodium coreanum, Plantago major, Potentilla chinensis, Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum latiovalifolium, and Veronica kiusiana demonstrated less than 50% of germination rate in vitro, it is expected to be difficult to propagate without pre-treatment. In order to use these 6 species as restoration material plants, it needs to be considered to pre-treat to improve germination rate, or to enhance the vitality of seeds by improving the seed gathering period and storage method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 2011

This study was carried out to improve planting and use of landscape plants in Gangwon-do. The designated plants by schools and cities in Gangwon-do were surveyed and then compared with the planted trees on streets, public parks, schools, etc. in 2009. There were 45 tree species and 43 flower species designated as school trees and school flowers at 632 schools in Gangwon-do. The majority of school tree species were Juniperus chinensis, Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Zelkova serrata, and Pinus thunbergii. The ratio of native species to exotic was 35:10. The majority of school flower species Rosa centifolia, Forsythia koreana, Zinnia elegans, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Rosa rugosa. The ratio of native species to the exotic was 22:21. There were 12 flower species and 7 tree species designated as city trees and city flowers in 18 cities and guns. The high frequency flower species were Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Forsythia koreana, Magnolia sieboldii, and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu. The high frequency tree species were Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, and Taxus cuspidata. There were 87 woody landscape tree species planted, and a total of 619,835 landscape plants were planted in Youngseo region (western part of Gangwon-do) in 2009. The ratio of native species to exotic species was 56:31. The majority of landscape trees planted were Pinus densiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Prunus sargentii, Comus officinalis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Hibiscus syriacus, Forsythia koreana, Zellkova serrata, Acer triflorum, Rhododendron obutusum, and Ligustrum obtusifolium A in 2009. The ratio of native species to the exotic was 64:36. There were 77 woody landscape tree species planted, and a total of 914,668 landscape plants were planted in Youngdong region (eastern part of Gangwon-do) in 2009. The ratio of native species to exotic was 52:25. The major landscape trees planted were Pinus thunbergii, Rhododendron lateritium, Rhododendron schlippenenbachii, Hibiscus syriacus, Prunus yedoensis, Pinus densiflora, Syringa dilatata, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Rosa rugosa, Prunus sargentii, Rosa centifolia, Juniperus chinensis, Euonymus japonica, Forsythia koreana, Chionanthus retusus, Acer palmatum, and Chaenomeles sinensis. The results indicate that landscape plants need to be diverse in species in each region of Gangwon-do. Selection of suitable plants for each region and the use of native species need to be emphasized.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 2003

To obtain the basic data for monitoring and the conservation of native plant species at the sub-alpine zone Jongseogdae in Jirisan (Mt.).40 plots(5m${\times}$5m) set up by random sampling method and the distribution of native shrub and herb species at the subalpine zone was surveyed. Leading shrub species at the subalpine zone of Jongseogdae were Tripterygium regelii with IP value of 23.45% : followed by Lespedeza maximowiczii, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Lespedeza tomentella. Dominant species at the subalpine zone were Lysimachia clethroides, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Synurus deltoides, Veratrum maackii var. japonicum, Hemerocallis fulva and Astilbe chinensis var. davidii. Rhododendron tschonoskii recorded from the rare and endangered species list of the Korea Forest Service distributed among the rocks on the top of Jongseogdae. The long-term sustainable habitat monitoring might be required to conserve this subalpine zone.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 2017

Endangered native plant habitats and populations are rapidly disappearing because of climate and environmental changes. As a representative, the abundance of the first-class endangered wild plant, Cypripedium japonicum, has been rapidly decreasing in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of rhizosphere and endophytic fungi on C. japonicum in its native habitat. A total of 440 rhizosphere and 79 endosphere fungi isolates were isolated and identified on the basis of their molecular characteristics. Sixty-five genera and 119 fungi species were identified in this study. The genus Trichoderma showed the highest abundance among both rhizosphere and endosphere fungi. Mortierella, Hypocrea, and Penicillium spp. were also relatively dominant species on C. japonicum. The community structures of rhizosphere and endosphere fungi were similar, but endosphere fungi showed greater diversity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.43-52
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• 1999

This study was carried out to verify results of the nursery seedbeds. From November of 1997 to September of 1998, the artificial banking slopes in the greenhouse of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University were seeded with the mixtures of those species. Most of exotic species showed relatively poor development of root as short as 30cm. Also the green weight of root biomass of the native species was more than two times than that of the exotic species. On the other hand, it was found that the exotic species have relatively well-developed fine roots. Thus, it was concluded that the seed-mixture of the native species with long and thick roots and the exotic species with fine roots be the most effective method for topsoil erosion control on banking-slopes. The artificial rainfall system treatment(30mm/hr, 60mm/hr, 100mm/hr) on $30^{\circ}$ banking-slopes did not cause any significant change in the amount of soil loss by erosion. The root system was best developed in the plot of 1,000 seedlings per square meter and it performed well for soil erosion control. Consequently, in the case of seeding of single herbaceous species without mixing any woody seeds, the expected seedlings were 1,000 to 2,000 per square meter.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.789-800
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• 2023

A vascular flora survey was conducted in 2020 to identify flora and analyze changes in the numbers of vascular flora species over the past 10 years at Gongju-weir (GW) and Baekje-weir (BW) in the Geumgang River, Republic of Korea. A total of 241 taxa were found in GW and 279 taxa in BW, and 208 taxa (88% of total taxa) were common species. The distribution of invasive species in GW and BW were seven and eight taxa, respectively. Rare plants were not identified in any of the weirs. The Poaceae family dominated in terms of number of species, followed by Asteraceae, Legumes, Cyperaceae, and Polygonaceae. Additionally, Therophytes accounted for a high proportion of Raunkiaer life forms. The numbers of vascular plant species, total taxa, naturalized plants, and invasive species have been increasing over the last 10 years. However, long-term alterations in invasive species before and after the opening of the weirs increased much more significantly in the partially opened BW than in the fully opened GW. These results indicate that the degree of barrier opening does not affect the invasion and establishment of non-native species.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.558-570
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• 2014

This study was conducted to compare the volatile flavor compounds found in the leaves of 15 taxa of Korean native Chrysanthemum species. The volatile flavor compounds from the taxa were collected using a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction technique and were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass selective detector (GC/MSD). A total of 45 volatile flavor compounds were identified with six functional groups: 14 alcohols, 4 ketones, 19 hydrocarbons, 5 esters, 2 acids, and 1 aldehyde. The main functional group in 15 taxa of Chrysanthemum species was alcohols, accounting for 28.7% of volatile flavor compounds, followed by ketones (21.2%) and hydrocarbons (13.2%). Camphor, which is known for its antimicrobial properties, was the most abundant volatile compound (30%) in C. zawadskii ssp. latilobum and var. leiophyllum. In particular, C. indicum subspecies and C. boreale contained ${\alpha}$-thujone, which has outstanding anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and anti-diabetic efficacies. C. indicum var. albescens could be used in perfumes, since it showed 21 times more camphene than C. indicum. In addition, C. indicum var. acuta contained a fairly high content of 1,8-cineole, which has an inhibitory effect on mutagenesis. C. lineare contained only pentadecanoic acid compounds, whereas other taxa hexadecanoic acids. Overall, the Korean native Chrysanthemum species had considerable variation in volatile flavor compounds in their leaves. This study provides a good indication of specific potential use for various applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 2012

The study of Arundinaria munsuensis Y. Lee to this day was limited to the field of morphological species classification since its first discovery at Jiri mountain in the late 1990s. This native plants, one of Korean endemic species found in Jiri Mt. necessitates further studies about its use as revegetation plants or groundcover plants in urban areas. This study was launched from this need followed by summaries of results below related to its usage. This targeted species is a native Korean species which its natural distribution on the subalpine zone has merit for the wide range of climatic adaptation. Also, the coverage rate reached 78.3% in three years mostly by rhizome growth with an expectation of full coverage in four years providing less maintenance needs after planting. The net price for the construction of pot seedling methods of this plants is relatively economical than other normal revegetation construction methods. For these reasons, drilling for the plants on cut and fill soil slopes driven from pot seedling adapts Arundinaria munsuensis Y. Lee as efficient revegetation plant. Total construction cost for pot seedling work($30cm{\times}30cm$) of Arundinaria munsuensis was approximately 21,000won which is in reasonable price range when compared to other revegetation construction methods of disturbed slopes. As a native Korean plant, Arundinaria munsuensis has wide range of climatic adaptation with less maintenance requirement after planting. This study may suggest a strong possibility of Arundinaria munsuensis as a pot planting material in sloped area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1103-1107
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• 2006

Iris odesanensis Y.N. Lee is one kind of species among 54 endangered plant species designated by the Ministry of Environment in Korea. It is very rare native plant throughout the country. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the native Iris odesanensis in Mt. Naeyon for their distribution and ecological characteristics. They were mostly distributed mid-slope of the mountain from 443m to 498m altitude. They were located lower part of valley and provided enough humid condition. They had proper light and humidity conditions as they faced south south west, south south east, and south. They were also located at the places deciduous woody plants were distributed for proper light conditions for spring blooming. Iris flowered to use light at the period before the trees thickly covered with foliage. However this unfavorable light condition caused low percentage as 7.04% of blooming individuals in this study. In herbaceous, Vioia chaerophylloides(Regel) W. Hocker, Carex siderosticta Hance, Erythronium japonicum Decne., Oxalis obtriangulata Max., Hepatica asiatica Nakai, Lilium tsingtauense Gilg et cetera were appeared well. We propose that proper pruning of upper branches of the deciduous trees is needed for suitable light condition of management of native sites.