• Applied Microscopy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.52-65
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• 1984

The ultrastructure of the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis was studied in the female Korean native goat ($10{\sim}16kg$, B.W.) by electron microscopy. Six granular cells and one agranular cell were recognized according to the characteristic patterns of secretory granules and cell organelles. Type I cells were. large, round or oval and contained the largest granules of 290 to 490 nm in diameter, Their endoplasmic reticula were well developed and packed with parallel lamellae close to nuclear membrane. Type II cells were elongate or polygonal. They contained granules of 220 to 390 nm in diameter and well developed Golgi complex. Type III cells were round, oval or angular and contained granules of 150 to 300 nm in diameter. Their endoplasmic reticula were coarsely scattered among the granules and provided an intracellular compartment for segregation in groups. Type IV cells were oval or round and contained granules of 120 to 280 nm in diameter. Their endoplasmic reticula were arranged at one pole of cytoplasm. Type V cells were round or polygonal and contained small granules of 110 to 140 nm in diameter Their endoplasmic reticula were packed with regularly parallel lamellae. Type VI cells were stellate and irregular in shape and had cytoplasmic processes projecting between the neighboring cells. Their granules were less than 130 nm in diameter, the smallest among the cells of the pars distalis. Agranular cells had no granules or a few, if any. They were stellate or irregular in shape.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1262-1266
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• 2005

Twelve Korean native goats, spontaneously infected with mixed species of Eimeria were used to study the possible direct anticoccidial effect of feeding condensed tannin-containing plants on the production of Eimeria oocysts. The effects of feeding pine (Pinus densifora) needles, oak (Quercus acutissima) leaves and lucerne chaff on coccidia oocyst output were studied for a period of 10 days post-feeding. The results indicate that feeding fresh pine needles (40 g condensed tannins (CT) dry matter (DM)/day/goat) and oak leaves (40 g CT DM/day/goat) in combination with lucerne chaff had rapid anticoccidial activities in goats as demonstrated by a sharp decrease in oocyst production. Two days after feeding, the numbers of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) from the goats fed pine needles with lucerne chaff, and from goats fed oak leaves reduced by 40% and 44% compared to pre-feeding, respectively. On the sixth day after commencing feeding pine needles and oak leaves, the reduction was 81% and 72%, respectively. Ten days after feeding pine needles and oak leaves, the OPG was reduced by 93% and 85%, respectively compared to pre-feeding. Statistical analysis showed that feeding pine needles and oak leaves to goats naturally infected with coccidia significantly (p<0.001) reduced the numbers of oocysts compared to the control group fed lucerne chaff only. Four clinically important species of coccidia, Eimeria parva, Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were identified in Korean native goats.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference in preference and property of native local foods among students living in Busan. It concentrated on the students who were majored in food service in five universities in Busan. From September 1st to 30th, 2007, 300 copies of questionnaire were distributed and 260 returned were included in the statistics. The statistics was conducted by frequency analysis, T-test(average deviation verification), technical analysis and one way ANOVA for an accurate result of the study. As a result, it was found that Gayamilmyeon(M=4.42) showed the most preference for 25 native local foods of Busan(sansungmakgeoli, dongraepajeon, steamed carp, catfish soup, corbicula soup, roasted eel, gijang raw hairtail, dongrae mugwort cake, sansung roasted goat, gijangkkomjangeo, steamed frogfish, duck dish, guponoodles, gayamilmyeon, sliced raw fish, molsim hot-pepper fish stew, hairtail stew, anchovy stew, miyeoksulchi, gompi salted dish, salted raw anchovy dish, roasted kkomjaneo, salted sliced persimmon dish, salted bean leave dish, kkasiri soup). On the other hand, it was found that Miyeoksulchi(M=2.66) showed the least preference among them. As a result of the analysis of the difference in demographic characteristics and property of native local foods, it was presented that there was no difference in the statistical analysis by sex but significant difference in taste, quantity, service, price, freshness, sanitation, packing condition and originality, etc by age, department, academic year, type of residence, family member, living period in Busan and monthly spending. It was considered to conduct a more in-depth study to promote native local foods and interest in the food of Busan in university students.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.267-273
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• 1992

The purpose of present study was to investigate the progesterone concentrations throughout gestation and peripartum period, and the return to the first estrus postpartum for improvement of reproductive efficiency in Korean native goats. The average length of gestation was 148 days(range : 144~154 days) and the average number of live births was 2 kids(range : 1~5 kids) in 12 Korean native goats. Progesterone concentrations were measured in blood samples taken from 12 goats every 5 days during gestation period. Plasma progesterone concentrations were 0.10 ng/ml at Day 0 of pregnancy and increased gradually until Day 20(6.58 ng/ml). Then they decreased slightly from Day 30 to 40(range : 4.32~4.82 ng/ml), increased again after Day 40 and remained thereafter until Day 140(range : 4.32~10.36 ng/ml). The progesterone levels declined sharply to basal levels at parturitum. Plasma progesterone concentrations during the pestpartum were 6.98 ng/ml at 10 days, 4.86 ng/ml at 6 days 3.18 ng/ml at 2 days before parturition, and 0.10 ng/ml at parturition, respectively. The basal levels were maintained until the first estrus postpartum. The mean intervals from parturition to the first estrus postpartum on the basis of progesterone determination and estrus detection were $100{\pm}64(mean{\pm}S.D.)$ days in 7 Korean native goats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.185-189
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• 1974

Although considerable research has been done on the blood chemistry of domestic animals, little work has been made of the changes associated with age. Moreover, the records about physiology of the goat were not much available in Korea, and a comprehensive survey of the blood chemical values of the Korean native goat has not been made. The authors intended to biometric study on the hardness of bone of race horse and Jeju horse in Korea. The measurement of hardness of bone were performed in 272 race horses (Thoroughbred 91, Anglo-Arab 107, Arab 74) and in 109 Jeju horses by the caliper by Toryba's method. Some interesting facts obtained through this study were as follows: 1. There was not significant difference of bone hardness between male and female. The average of bone hardness by the Toryba's meteod were $23.07{\pm}1.01$ in race horse and $19.44{\pm}1.84$ in Jeju horse. 2. The grade of bone hardness of race horse were higher than those of Jeju horse(P<0.001). 3. The correlation coefficient between age and grade of bone hardness were r= +0.344 in Jeju horse, theme were statistically significant (P<0.01) and the regression equation was Y=0.29x+18.497.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 1985

The changes of acid-base status in vitro of the venous blood for 24 hours in ten Korean native goat were investigated. The acid-base parameters were measured within ten minutes after collection of the blood, and every hour during the first six hours and finally after twenty four hours of storage. Blood samples were stored at two different temperatures ($0-4^{\circ}C$ and $21-24^{\circ}C$). Twelve goats were induced acute acid-base disturbances by intravenous infusion of either hydrochloric acid or sodium bicarbonate and inhalated with $CO_2$ gas mixture (20% $CO_2$, 80% $O_2$) or hyperventilation were performed by means of respirator. The results were as follows; 1. Blood samples could be stored during the first two hours in ice water ($0-4^{\circ}C$) and one hour at room temperature without significant changes in pH. The magnitudes of changes were similar to those of cow, and lower than those of men and dogs. 2. The mean values of acid-base parameters in normal goat were arterial pH, 7.40; $P_{CO_2}$, 35.4mmHg; $HCO_3{^-}$, 21.8mEq/L. 3. Both the base excess and the bicarbonate showed high correlation (r=0.99) during the metabolic disturbance and were represented as $B.E.=1.38\;HCO^-{_3}-29.7$. 4. The slope of blood buffer curve obtained from the in vivo experiment was 16.3mEq/L/pH. 5. The magnitudes of changes in hydrogen ion concentration per unit change of $P_{CO_2}$ were 0.8nM/mmHg in hypercapnia and 1.0nM/mmHg in hypocapnia. 6. The ranges of acid-base parameters in normal goat urine were pH, 6.0-8.1; $P_{CO_2}$, 42-61mmHg; $HCO_3{^-}$, 2-110mEq/L. The concentration of potassium was higher (60-200mEq/L), and that of sodium was lower (8-70mEq/L) than those of human urine.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2021

Presently, there is an increased demand for livestock products all over the world which has led to more devotion on improving livestock population. Although goats have been bred for a long time in Korea, but there is not much research conducted on traditional Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) compared to other livestock populations. Mutton consumption has been dramatically changing from medicinal use to edible meat and this trend directs the black goat populations declining and also mutton import quantities are increasing consistently. The present study introduced a new estrus synchronizing technique with subsequent artificial insemination (AI) for Korean black goats to enable crossbreeding with non-native breeds for the small or subsistent farmers. Our data highlighted that, the percentage of motile sperm from the electro-ejaculated samples declined significantly after freezing and melting. In addition, the sperm motility significantly declined with regard to sperm incubation period (0, 5, 60, and 120 min at 37℃) and was negatively correlated (64.2 ± 7.9%, 63.3 ± 5.8%, 49.9 ± 6.3%, and 35.9 ± 7.6%, respectively) in frozen-thawed sperm samples. Moreover, the E2 levels were unchanged even 24 h after controlled internal drug releas (CIDR) withdrawal. But, 48 h and 72 h after CIDR removal, E2 levels increased significantly. These data helps us to consider the two time points for AI; CIDR removal after 24 h, at which E2 decreases, and after 48 h, as the time at which progesterone increases. Additionally, the AI after 48 h of CIDR removal group exhibited significantly higher pregnancy and parturition rates (42.9%) compared to AI after 24 h after CIDR removal 28.6% group. In conclusion, these studies will propose an optimal estrus synchronisation process with subsequent timing of AI and also will promote the Korean black goat breeding industry.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.313-317
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• 2004

The nutritional requirements for Prevotella sp. 4PCCNB2 isolated from the rumen of a native goat in Korea and those of the ATCC 19189 strain isolated from the bovine rumen were investigated. The two strains grew well with ammonium sulfate as the sole added nitrogen source. However, neither a complex of amino acids nor casein hydrolysate effectively replaced ammonium sulfate. Biotin, p-aminobenzoic acid, and vitamin $B_12$ were essential to culture the ATCC 19189 strain. Unlike the ATCC 19189 strain, however, $B_12$ was only stimulatory for the growth of the 4PCCNB2 strain. The 4PCCNB2 strain grew well in the basal medium without an individual acid such as acetic acid or valeric acid. In contrast, either acetic or valeric acid was absolutely required for the growth of the ATCC 19189 strain.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.187-194
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to develop a new method which enables the goat ESR to be used as an effective clinical test. Blood samples were taken from 61 Korean native goats aged above one year old and the effect of tube inclinations, tube bores, tube lengths, environmental temperatures during tests and packed erythrocyte volumes (PCV) on the ESR were observed. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The ESR/hr using capillary hematocrit tube (Micro-Ht-tube) was gradually increased as the tube angle inclined from 90 (vertical) to 15 degrees and the best angle in view of both security and fast sedimentation rate was found to be an angle of 45 degrees. 2. The 45-degree angled ESR ($45^{\circ}$-ESR) increased as the diameter of tube bore decreased. 3. The tube length did not affect the $45^{\circ}$-ESR in percent. 4. The $45^{\circ}$-ESR increased with the increased environmental temperature during the ESR test. 5. The heparinized Micro-Ht tubes did not affect the $45^{\circ}$-ESR of EDTA-blood in healthy group but in anemic group. In the anemic group, the ESRs by the heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes were slightly higher than those by non-heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes. 6. By using the autologous plasma, PCV of the blood was adjusted to be 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50ml/100ml and $45^{\circ}$-ESRs were determined in the Micro-Ht-tubes. The $45^{\circ}$-ESRs increased as the values of PCV decreased. The regression of the $45^{\circ}ESR$ to PCV was curvilinear with the second degree polynomial, $Y=42.1838-1.7355X+0.0180X^2$(r=0.9997). 7. The $45^{\circ}$-ESR/hr, using non-heparinized Micro-Ht-tubes at $20^{\circ}C$, was determined in 35 healthy Korean native goats. The average PCV was $30.6{\pm}1.4ml/100ml$. The observed ESR values averaged $6.8{\pm}1.7%$ and the corrected ESR values to the standard PCV of 31ml/100ml averaged $6.5{\pm}1.2%$. From these results, the angled capillary tube method was found to be desirable ESR test of goat blood in which EDTA-blood is filled in nonheparinized Micro-Ht-tubes held at an angle of 45 degrees for an hour at $20^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.285-294
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• 1991

In this study, the immunomodulating effects of levamisole, selenium and tocopherol on blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages of goat were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The functions of blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages were assayed by random and direct migration, phagocytosis of S aureus, production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. The results obtained were summarized as follows: In vitro trials 1. Levamisole treatment enhanced the random and direct migration of goat blood neutrophils when compared with untreated cell, and a significant (p<0.01) enhancement was noticed at the concentration of $100{\mu}g$ for direct migration and $50{\mu}g{\sim}1,000{\mu}g\;per\;ml$ of culture medium for random migration. There was no influence of selenium and tocopherol on random and direct migration of neutrophil at all of treatment concentration. 2. Neutrophils produced higher levels of superoxide by lcvamisole treatment at the concentration of $100{\mu}g$ and by selenium treatment at the concentration of $1.0{\mu}g$, but the production of hydrogen peroxide was not increased. Tocopherol had no effect on the production of antimicrobicidal oxygen metabolites of neutrophils at various concentrations. 3. No differences of phagocytic activity were observed when neutrophils were treated with three substances. In vivo trials 1. Blood neutrophils of goats orally administered levaraisole showed significantly (p<0.05) higher random migration from 2 to 24 hours after feeding (2.5mg/kg of body weight). Augmentation of random migration of neutrophil from goats orally administered selenium-tocopherol mixture (selenium $100{\mu}g$-tocopherol 200IU/head/day) was observed at 10 days and the significant (p<0.05) increase was shown from 30 days after feeding and continued throughout the feeding periods. 2. There was no effect on phagocytic activity and production of antimicrobicidal oxygen metabolites of neutrophils from goats administered levamisole or selenium-tocopherol mixture. 3. Random migration, production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and S aureus phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages of goats administered 300ml of levamisole-thioglycollatc medium mixture $(2.5{\mu}g/ml)$ into peritoneal cavity increased significantly (p<0.01 or p<0.05) when compared with those of goats administered thioglycollate medium alone.