• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.872-878
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• 2014

This study aimed to enhance storage and freshness of strawberry fruits and foliage vegetables by spray treatment with Chlorella vulgaris as a bio-fertilizer. The tested strain, C. vulgaris CHK0008, was isolated from an organically cultivated rice paddy and identified as C. vulgaris by its morphology and 18S rDNA and 23S rDNA sequence homology. We successfully cultured C. vulgaris CHK0008 in BG11 modified medium (BG11MM) and adjusted $2.15{\times}10^6cell/mL$ C. vulgaris CHK0008 to one OD value by measuring the optical density at 680 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The soluble solid content of 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits treated by spray application with C. vulgaris CHK0008 was enhanced by 22.2% and 11.5% respectively, compared to untreated controls. Additionally, the decay rates of treated 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits decreased 63.8% and 74.4% respectively, compared to untreated control. Surface color changes and chlorosis of leaves in leaf vegetables such as lettuce, kale, red ornamental kale, white ornamental kale and beet were observed in samples treated with water spray for 10 days after cold storage. However, the decay rate of leafy vegetables treated with foliar application of 25% C. vulgaris CHK0008 liquid culture was significantly decreased compared to that of the untreated control during storage at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1431-1437
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• 2016

Sorghum bicolor L. is one of the important minor cereals in Asia, Africa, and the central United States, and it is considered a rich source of polyphenols, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. However, there is a lack of data on the anti-cancer activity of Sorghum in prostate cancer cells and immune activity in macrophages. This study aims to investigate the potential effects of an ethanol extract of S. bicolor L. (SE) on inducing apoptosis in RC-58T/h/SA#4 cells and immunomodulatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells. SE significantly inhibited the viability of RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The morphology of RC-58T/h/SA#4 cells treated with SE was shrunken and involved the formation of an apoptotic body and nuclear condensation. In addition, SE markedly activated caspase-8, -9, and -3; increased the protein levels of Bax, p53, cleaved PARP, and cytosolic cytochrome c; and decreased Bcl-2 protein expression. Furthermore, the inhibition of caspases in RC-58T/h/SA#4 cells with z-VAD-fmk attenuated SE-induced cell growth inhibition. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was also elevated by SE treatment, as revealed by immune response parameters. These results suggest that SE inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in primary human prostate cancer cells in a caspase-dependent manner, and it modulates the immune functions in macrophages. Therefore, Sorghum bicolor L. may be used as a functional food to prevent prostate cancer and enhance immune activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2020

Macrophages are initiators for regulating a host's defenses to eliminate pathogens and trigger tissue repair. Macrophages are classified into two types: classically (M1) activated macrophages and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages. M1-phenotype macrophages directly or indirectly kill infectious organisms and tumor cells via pro-inflammatory responses, whereas M2-phenotype macrophages remodel wounded tissue through anti-inflammatory responses. In this paper, we investigated how Phellinus linteus hot water extract passed from Diaion HP-20 resin (PLEP) regulates polarization of M1-like or M2-like macrophages in human THP-1 cells. PLEP did not have cytotoxicity at a high concentration of 300 ㎍/ml. We observed morphological alteration of the THP-1 cells, which are stimulated by PLEP, LPS/INF-γ (M1 stimulators) or IL-4/IL13 (M2 stimulators). PLEP exposure induced morphology contiguous with LPS/INF-γ. qPCR was also performed to determine whether PLEP influences M1 or M2 polarization-related genes. M1-phenotype macrophage-specific genes, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CXCL10 and CCR7, were enhanced by PLEP in a dose-dependent manner similar to LPS/INF-γ. Conversely, M2-phenotype-specific genes, such as MRC-1, DC-SIGN, CCL17 and CCL22, were suppressed by PLEP. PLEP also significantly up-regulated secretory inflammation cytokines related to M1 polarization of macrophages, including TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, which was similar to the gene expression. Further, MAPK and NF-κB signaling were increased by treatment with PLEP, resulting in enhancement of cytokine secretion. PLEP might therefore be used as a promising booster of pro-inflammatory responses through M1 polarization of human THP-1 cells.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1989

In Korea, studies on a Nematode, Anguillicola crassa parasitic in the air bladder of eel are not yet reported. This reason led the author to study the parasitic species, state and life history of the A. crassa parasitized in the air bladder of eel in order to take effective control measures against its damage. The size of fully developed eggs was 80 to $92(86.7){\times}62$ to $71(67.4)\;{\mu}m$, larva was 210 to $240(225){\times}18$ to $23(20.6)\;{\mu}m$. The intermediate host of A. crassa was Thermocyclops hyalinus, it was capable for parasitizing the eel after 4 days of invasion and then the size of larva was 360 to $420(390){\times}28$ to $35(31)\;{\mu}m$. Fifty days after eel had ingested the Thermocyclops hyalinus infected with larva of A. crassa, the larvae matured into adult worms in the air bladder of eel. The size of detected adult worms was 7.3 to $31.0(16.5){\times}0.5$ to 2.2(1.2) mm, 4.9 to $13.3(8.3){\times}0.3$ to 0.9(0.4) mm. Investigating the morphology of the worms, they were identified as A. crassa. Monthly the parasitic rate of the worms in the eel was high in June, September and December, but low in January to March. After the investigation on the significance between non-parasitic fish and parasitic fish, it was not significant, therefore it can be considered that there is no effect of infection in the growth of eel. Any abnormality of eels air bladder tissue was not seen by the infection of A. crassa. At 25.0 to $26.7^{\circ}C$ of water temperature the death time of Thermocyclops hyalinus by masoten treatment was 14 hours in 0.5 ppm, 20 hours in 0.4 ppm, 22 hours in 0.3 ppm, 30 hours in 0.2 ppm and 42 hours in 0.1 ppm.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.639-645
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• 1996

A 14-year-old male patient with previous surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot was admitted with hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia (VT). On preoperative electrophysiologic study (EPS), the morphology of documented VT was RBBB of vertical axis with 320 msec cycle length. The endocardial mapping during VT delineated the origin of VT at right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), where the patch was attached. The clinical VT had a clockwise reentry circuit around the patch with the earliest activation at the same site seen during the preoperative EPS. The previously placed right ventricular outflow patch and fibrous tissue were removed. During a postoperative EPS, it was no longer possible to induce the VT. Ventricular tachycardia following repair of tetralogy of Fallot seen in this patient was caused by a macro-reentry around the right ventricular outflow patch. We were able to ablate the VT with the aid of a detailed mapping of its epicardial activation sequence.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2006

Purpose: Incidence of lung canter in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is known to be higher than that in general population. However, it is difficult to discriminate pulmonary nodule in patients with IPF, because underlying IPF can be expressed as lung nodules. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of FDG PET in discriminating lung nodule in patients with IPF. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 28 lung nodules in 16 subjects (age; $67.53{\pm}9.53$, M:F=14:2). Two patients had previous history of malignant cancer (small cell lung cancer and subglottic cancer). The diagnostic criteria on chest CT were size, morphology and serial changes of size. FDG PET was visually interpreted, and maximal SUV was calculated for quantitative analysis. Results: from 28 nodules, 18 nodules were interpreted as benign nodules, 10 nodules as malignant nodules by histopahthology or follow-up chest CT. The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET were 100% and 94.4%, while those of CT were 70.0% and 44.4%, respectively. Malignant nodule was higher maxSUV than that of benign lung nodules ($7.68{\pm}3.96\;vs.\;1.22{\pm}0.65$, p<0.001). Inflammatory lesion in underlying IPF was significantly lower maxSUV than that of malignant nodules ($1.80{\pm}0.43$, p<0.001). The size of malignant and benign nodule were $23.95{\pm}10.15mm\;and\;10.83{\pm}5.23mm$ (p<0.01). Conclusion: FDG PET showed superior diagnostic performance to chest CT in differentiating lung nodules in patients with underlying IPF. FDG PET could be used to evaluate suspicious malignant lung nodule detected by chest in patients with IPF.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.177-188
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• 2008

Background: To evaluate the effects of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) as potential therapeutic agents of acute lung injury, we analyzed the morphology in vivo of the pulmonary microstructure using intravital videomicroscopy in a rat model of acute lung injury. Material and Method: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: a control group that underwent normal saline aspiration, an acute lung injury (ALI) group that underwent hydrochloric acid aspiration, and three treatment groups that underwent hydrochloric acid aspiration and were administered therapeutic agents- the S1P group, the NO group, and the S1P+NO group (n=7 per group). To quantify alveolar compliance and interstitial edema, the diameters of all measurable alveoli and interalveolar septa were averaged at one and two hours after aspiration. Alveolar compliance was determined according to diameter changes during the respiratory cycle and the change in tidal volume. Result: At two hours after aspiration, the mean alveolar compliance (% change) in the All group decreased significantly versus the control group of rats (respiratory cycle: 1.9% for the ALI group vs 6.5% for the control group, p=0.03; tidal volume: 3.2% for the ALI group vs 9.1% for the control group, p=0.003) and versus the NO group (tidal volume: 3.2% for the ALI group vs 16.9% for the NO group, p=0.001). At two hours after aspiration, the mean interalveolar septal thickness in the NO group tended to be smaller as compared to that in the All group ($15.2{\mu}m$ for the ALI group vs $12.3{\mu}m$ for the NO group, p=0.06). S1P did not exert a significant effect on the pulmonary microstructure of the injured rat lung. Conclusion: Improved alveolar compliance and reduced interstitial edema, observed by intravital videomicroscopy, suggest that inhaled NO ameliorates lung injury.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.988-996
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• 1995

CuInSe$_2$this films as a light absorber layer were fabricated by vacuum evaporation using In$_2$Se$_3$and Cu$_2$Se precursors and their properties were analyzed. Indium selenide films of 0.5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thickness were first deposited by vacuum evaporation of In$_2$Se$_3$ on a Corning 7059 glass substrate. The films deposited at suscepor temperature of 40$0^{\circ}C$ showed a flat surface morphology with densely Packed grain structure. CuInSe$_2$films directly formed by evaporating Cu$_2$Se on the predeposited In$_2$Se$_2$films also showed a very flat surface when the susceptor temperature was $700^{\circ}C$. Cu$_2$Se, a second phase in the CuInSe$_2$film, was removed by evaporating additional In$_2$Se$_3$on the CuInSe$_2$film at $700^{\circ}C$. The grain size of 1.2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ thick CuInSe$_2$, film was about 2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and the film had a (112) preferred orientation. As the amount of deposited In$_2$Se$_3$increased, the electrical resistivity of CuInSe$_2$films increased because of the decrease of hole concentration. But the optical band gap was almost constant at the value of 1.04eV, The CuInSe$_2$film grown on a Mo/glass substrate had a similar smooth microstructure compared to that on a glass substrate. A solar cell with ZnO/CdS/CuInSe$_2$/Mo structure may be realized based on the above CuInSe$_2$films.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2007

Human umbilical cord blood(HUCB) contains a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cell precursors. Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) in HUCB are multipotent stem cells, differ from hematopoietic stem cells and can be differentiated into neural cells. We studied on transdifferentiation-promoting conditions in neural cells and cholinergic neuron induction of HUCB-derived MSCs. Neural differentiation was induced by addingdimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO) and butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA) in Dulbeco's Modified Essential Medium(DMEM) and fetal bovine serum(FBS). Differentiation of MSCs to cholinergic neurons was induced by combined treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF), retinoic acid(RA) and sonic hedgehog(Shh). MSCs treated with DMSO and BHA rapidly assumed the morphology of multipolar neurons. Both immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of a number of neural markers including $\beta$-tubulin III, GFAP and MBP, was markedly elevated during this acute differentiation. The differentiation rate was about $32.3{\pm}2.9%$ for $\beta$-tubulin III-positive cells, $11.0{\pm}0.9%$ for GFAP, and $9.4{\pm}1.0%$ for Gal-C. HUCB-MSCs treated combinatorially with bFGF, RA and Shh were differentiated into cholinergic neurons. After cholinergic neuronal differentiation, the $\beta$-tubulin III-positive cell population of total cells was $31.3{\pm}3.2%$ and of differentiated neuronal population, $70.0{\pm}7.8%$ was ChAT-positive showing 3 folds higher in cholinergic population than neural induction. Conclusively, HUCB-derived MSCs can be differentiated into neural and cholinergic neurons and these findings suggest that HUCB are alternative cell source of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2007

Contrast to mouse where its in vitro maturation rates are high without specific supplements or presence of the cumulus cells, there are some species, such as porcine, where its in vitro oocyte maturation rates are still very low. This comparative study was conducted to investigate the role of malate dehydrogenase(Mor2) during oocyte maturation by RNAi in the mouse and porcine. The Mor2 double-stranded RNA(dsRNA) was prepared speciesspecifically and microinjected into the cytoplasm of denuded germinal vesicle(GV) oocytes. Oocytes were cultured for 48 h(porcine) and 16 h(mouse) in M199 with 10% porcine follicular fluid, pyruvate, p-FSH, EGF, cystein, and estradiol-$17{\beta}$. We measured changes in oocyte morphology, maturation rates and mRNA levels after Mor2 RNAi. We confirmed gene sequence-specific knock down of Mor2 mRNA in both species after Mor2 RNAi. In contrast to our previous finding that mMor2 RNAi resulted in GV arrest in the mouse, we found that pMor2 RNAi resulted in MI arrest in denuded porcine oocytes(58%), but developed to MII(84.4%) in COCs. To determine whether this difference between mouse and porcine RNAi is due to differences in culture media, we cultured mouse oocytes in the M199 media for 16 h after mMor2 RNAi. Mouse oocytes were developed to MII stage(62%) and there was no statistical difference compared to that of non-injected(76.8%) and buffer-injected(73.3%) control groups. Therefore, we concluded that the mouse and porcine oocytes are having different metabolic systems in relation to malate dehydrogenase for oocyte maturation. This could be a basis for differences in maturation rates in vitro in two species. Further scrutinized studies on the metabolic pathways would led us in finding better culture system to improve oocyte maturation rates in vitro, especially in more challenging species like the porcine.