Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2016.26.12.1431

Sorghum Extract Enhances Caspase-dependent Apoptosis in Primary Prostate Cancer Cells and Immune Activity in Macrophages  

Cho, Hyun-Dong (Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University)
Kim, Jeong-Ho (Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University)
Hong, Seong-Min (Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University)
Lee, Ju-Hye (Functional Food and Nutrition Division, Department of Agro-Food Resource, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration)
Lee, Yong-Seok (Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University)
Kim, Du-Hyun (Department of Life Resources Industry, Dong-A University)
Seo, Kwon-Il (Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.26, no.12, 2016 , pp. 1431-1437 More about this Journal
Abstract
Sorghum bicolor L. is one of the important minor cereals in Asia, Africa, and the central United States, and it is considered a rich source of polyphenols, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. However, there is a lack of data on the anti-cancer activity of Sorghum in prostate cancer cells and immune activity in macrophages. This study aims to investigate the potential effects of an ethanol extract of S. bicolor L. (SE) on inducing apoptosis in RC-58T/h/SA#4 cells and immunomodulatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells. SE significantly inhibited the viability of RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The morphology of RC-58T/h/SA#4 cells treated with SE was shrunken and involved the formation of an apoptotic body and nuclear condensation. In addition, SE markedly activated caspase-8, -9, and -3; increased the protein levels of Bax, p53, cleaved PARP, and cytosolic cytochrome c; and decreased Bcl-2 protein expression. Furthermore, the inhibition of caspases in RC-58T/h/SA#4 cells with z-VAD-fmk attenuated SE-induced cell growth inhibition. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was also elevated by SE treatment, as revealed by immune response parameters. These results suggest that SE inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in primary human prostate cancer cells in a caspase-dependent manner, and it modulates the immune functions in macrophages. Therefore, Sorghum bicolor L. may be used as a functional food to prevent prostate cancer and enhance immune activity.
Keywords
Apoptosis; immune activity; RC-58T/h/SA#4; Sorghum ethanol extract;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 12  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Byun, E. B., Jang, B. S., Sung, N. Y. and Byun, E. H. 2016. Immunomodulatory activity of crude polysaccharide separated from Cudrania tricuspidata leaf. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 45, 1099-1106.   DOI
2 Chung, M. K. 2004. Review of the treatment outcome in the adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J. Kor. Med. Assoc. 47, 432-440.   DOI
3 Darvin. P., Joung, Y. H., Nipin, S. P., Kang, D. Y., Byun, H. J., Hwang, D. Y., Cho, K. H., Park, K. D., Lee, H. K. and Yang, Y. M. 2015. Sorghum polyphenol suppresses the growth as well as metastasis of colon cancer xenografts through co-targeting jak2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. J. Funct. Foods 15, 193-206.   DOI
4 Dia, V. P., Pangloli, P., Jones, L., Mcclure, A. and Patel, A. 2016. Phytochemical concentrations and biological activities of Sorghum bicolor alcoholic extracts. Food Funct. 7, 3410-3420.   DOI
5 Kim, G. H., Lee, M. H., Han, M. H., Park, C., Hong, S. H. and Choi, Y. H. 2013. Induction of apoptosis by citri pericarpium methanol extract through reactive oxygen species generation in U937 human leukemia cells. J. Life Sci. 23, 1057-1063.   DOI
6 Fulda, S. and Debatin, K. M. 2006. Extrinsic versus intrinsic apoptosis pathways in anticancer chemotherapy. Oncogene 25, 4798-4811.   DOI
7 Grimmer, H. R., Parbhoo, V. and Mcgrath, R. M. 1992. Antimutagenicity of polyphenol-rich fractions from Sorghum bicolor grain. J. Sci. Food Agr. 59, 251-256.   DOI
8 Ha, J. H., Jeong, H. S., Jeong, M. H., Kim, S. S., Jin, L., Nam, J. H., Hwang, B., Ma, C. J. and Lee, H. Y. 2009. Comparison of anticancer activities of ultrasonification extracts of callus and roots from Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 41, 552-559.
9 Kim, J. H. and Kim, M. Y. 2015. Anticancer effect of citrus fruit prepared by gamma irradiation of Budsticks. J. Life Sci. 25, 1051-1058.   DOI
10 Kim, J. Y., Noh, S. K., Woo, K. S. and Seo, M. C. 2016. Sorghum extract lowers lymphatic absorption of trans fat and cholesterol in rats. J. Kor. Soc. Food. Sci. Nutr. 45, 783-788.   DOI
11 Kim, K. O., Kim, H. S. and Ryu, H. S. 2006. Effect of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (sorghum, su-su) water extracts on mouse immune cell activation. J. Kor. Diet Assoc. 12, 82-88.
12 Lee, S. M., Choi, H. K. and Yu, G. H. 2003. Effect of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol on the proliferation of MCF-7 and PC-3 cells. Kor. J. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 18, 424-428.
13 Kim, Y. E., Kwon, E. K., Han, D. S., Kim, I. H. and Ku, K. H. 2008. Antioxidant activity, fibrinolysis and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity of pine mushroom juice (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.). J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 37, 535-541.   DOI
14 Kwak, C. S., Lim, S. J., Kim, S. A., Park, S. C. and Lee, M. S. 2004. Antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of Korean buckwheat, Sorghum, Millet and job's tears. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 33, 921-929.   DOI
15 Kwon, D. H., Kang, H. J., Choi, Y. H., Chung, K. T., Lee, J. H., Kang, K. H., Hyun, S. K., Kim, B. W. and Hwang, H. J. 2016. Immunomodulatory activity of water extract of Ulmus macrocarpa in Macrophages. J. Life Sci. 26, 50-58.   DOI
16 Lee, J. H., Oh, E. K., Cho, H. D., Kim, J. Y., Lee, M. K. and Seo, K. I. 2013. Crude saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum induce apoptotic cell death in RC-58T/h/SA#4 prostate cancer cells through the activation of caspase cascades and apoptosis-inducing factor. Oncol. Rep. 29, 1421-1428.   DOI
17 Lee, J. W. and Kim, Y. H. 2011. Activation of pro-apoptotic multidomain Bcl-2 family member Bak and mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade are involved in p-coumaric acid-induced apoptosis in human jurkat T cells. J. Life Sci. 21, 1678-1688.   DOI
18 Park, H. Y., Lim, C. W., Kim, Y. K., Yoon, H. D. and Lee, K. J. 2006. Immunostimulating and anticancer activities of hot water extract from capsosiphon fulvescens. J. Kor. Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 49, 343-348.
19 Seo, M. C., Ko, J. Y., Song, S. B., Lee, J. S., Kang, J. R., Kwak, D. Y., Oh, B. G., Yoon, Y. N., Nam, M. H., Jeong, H. S. and Woo, K. S. 2011. Antioxidant compounds and activities of foxtail millet, proso millet and sorghum with different pulverizing methods. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 40, 790-797.   DOI
20 Sa, Y. J., Kim, J. S., Kim, M. O., Jeong, H. J., Yu, C. Y., Park, D. S. and Kim, M. J. 2010. Comparative study of electron donating ability, reducing power, antimicrobial activity and inhibition of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase by Sorghum bicolor extracts. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 42, 598-604.
21 Wyllie, A. H., Kerr, J. F. and Currie, A. R. 1980. Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int. Rev. Cytol. 68, 251-306.   DOI
22 Siegel, R., Miller, K. and Jemal, A. 2015. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J. Clin. 65, 5-29   DOI
23 Wen, X., Lin, Z. Q., Liu, B. and Wei, Y. Q. 2012. Caspasemediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Prolif. 45, 217-224.   DOI
24 Woo, K. S., Lee, J. S., Kang, J. R., Ko, J. Y., Song, S. B., Oh, B. G., Seo, M. C., Kwak, D. Y. and Nam, M. H. 2011. Effects of cultivated area on antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities of sorghum (Sorghum biolor L. Moench. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 40, 1512-1517.   DOI