• Healthcare Informatics Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.253-262
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• 2018

Objectives: We reviewed digital epidemiological studies to characterize how researchers are using digital data by topic domain, study purpose, data source, and analytic method. Methods: We reviewed research articles published within the last decade that used digital data to answer epidemiological research questions. Data were abstracted from these articles using a data collection tool that we developed. Finally, we summarized the characteristics of the digital epidemiological studies. Results: We identified six main topic domains: infectious diseases (58.7%), non-communicable diseases (29.4%), mental health and substance use (8.3%), general population behavior (4.6%), environmental, dietary, and lifestyle (4.6%), and vital status (0.9%). We identified four categories for the study purpose: description (22.9%), exploration (34.9%), explanation (27.5%), and prediction and control (14.7%). We identified eight categories for the data sources: web search query (52.3%), social media posts (31.2%), web portal posts (11.9%), webpage access logs (7.3%), images (7.3%), mobile phone network data (1.8%), global positioning system data (1.8%), and others (2.8%). Of these, 50.5% used correlation analyses, 41.3% regression analyses, 25.6% machine learning, and 19.3% descriptive analyses. Conclusions: Digital data collected for non-epidemiological purposes are being used to study health phenomena in a variety of topic domains. Digital epidemiology requires access to large datasets and advanced analytics. Ensuring open access is clearly at odds with the desire to have as little personal data as possible in these large datasets to protect privacy. Establishment of data cooperatives with restricted access may be a solution to this dilemma.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2017

This paper presents improvement of consumer's access and convenience to Farmers Market(Local Food Shop). We analyzed case studies and proposed plans of Local Food Shop and related facilities. The results are described below. Thorough pre-education and public relations with extensive support for agricultural products in the area and external support are necessary. Most importantly, the consuming population was close. These factors were the factors of success. Tourists' visit is effective. Consumer distance should be within 10km. Long distance tourists need a way to attract tourists on weekends. It is an advantage that there are many consumers. And it would be nice to have a market in the vicinity. And it is necessary to develop various activities such as experience activities and programs. Also, a place convenient for cooperation with the government office, public health center, etc. is good. Accessibility is enhanced when ICs of frequent highway and highway are close to cars. As a suggestion of placing a direct sales place, we will set up a place for consumers to collaborate and relax and also consider the convenience of providers. For the convenience of consumers' shopping, including sales outlets, we set up booths for daily necessities and industrial products, and place other agricultural cooperatives (NACF banks), local cafes and farmer restaurants in front. Consider multifunction combined service center for consumers and farmers.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1999

Since IMF relief financing, domestic economy has been rapidly cooled down. At this point that we predict an overall decrease of production and sale of industries, cooperative marketing activities of the whole dairy industry are required to promote milk consumption. As everyone knows, advertisement is only one of the various factors that affect sales. Other factors include price, distribution, package, promotion, and consumer's needs and taste. The objectives of the cooperative advertising campaign should be trial purchase of new consumers, maintenance of brand loyalty of existing consumers, more positive experience of using the product, and increase of frequency of purchase. Long term analysis is essential to making these kinds of behaviour changes. Also the objectives of the communication program should be a shift of awareness of milk from 'a basic health food for children' to a substitute to the beverage even for adults. To share database of consumers among companies, we need to find ways to use interactive on-line services, the internet, D.M. events and so on as well as the mass media. It should be a precondition that the main body of the cooperative advertisement includes the milk processing board, dairy companies, livestock cooperations, farmers and the Government. To assure continuous, activities to promote milk consumption, the Government should take the lead in legislating 'An enforcement ordinance for milk promotion and research', and seek complementary measures and support to establish the ordinance.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.227-261
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• 2015

Cooperative associations are established in order to enhance the rights and the interests of their members and serve the local communities, and actually do much for the local society. And among these, consumer cooperatives are spontaneously founded, particularly in the spirit of mutual help, in order to promote the common welfare of the members. Meanwhile, because the current medical law qualifys noncommercial corporation to open medical institution, consumer cooperative and noncommercial- corporation cooperative which are established under the Cooperative Act have the right to do. However, though cooperative association should be founded for common interests of the members who are weaker parties of society, it became rapidly to be abused as means of circumvention of law. Especially as National Health Insurance Corporation stepped up the investigation and the collection of unfair profits against the hospital owned by non-medical personnel who are unable to establish a medical institution, setting up medical institutions as a roundabout way to avoid the restricts dramatically increased in number. In this study, we are going to introduce the current dualised normative system regulating the establishment of a medical cooperative association, and find a way to improve the system and make up for the week points. And we will look though the present situation about medical cooperative association's opening, operating, and closing, and review the normative and systematic improving plans.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.1 s.79
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• pp.117-128
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• 2006

The purpose of this research was to find out the differences in the moving motivation and life satisfaction of senior cohousing communities between male and female residents in Scandinavia, especially in Sweden and Denmark. Senior cohousing is an attractive housing alternative for the aged 55 and over who looks for sharing one's life with neighbors. The 655 survey questionnaires out of 960 had replied from 14 Seniorbofrellesskaber in Denmark and 11 seniorhus within SABO sector and 8 housing cooperatives initiated by the Seniorgarden Housing Company in Sweden during April to May, 2002. The data were analyzed by SPSS win program, using frequencies, percentiles, cross-tabulations, and Pearson's correlations. The results showed that the senior cohousing residents were generally healthy and age of 70's years old and nearly half lived with a spouse. The male residents lived with a spouse about 2 times more than did the female. The residents had very strong motivation to move into the community and very high life satisfaction. Most aspects of moving motivation were not differed by the sex of the residents. However, male residents were more likely than female to be motivated to move in by becoming a pensioner, while female residents were more likely than male to be motivated by being a widow, looking for safety, or avoiding loneliness. These different motivation to move in by sex become more clear when general characteristics such as age, health status, living with or without a spouse, or country were controlled. Female residents were more likely than male to live' dream life' in the senior cohousing community. The stronger the moving motivation, the higher the life satisfaction in the community.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2023

The currently implemented Positive List System, sales manager training, and pesticide sales record systems focus on the safety of determined pesticide use, but the proposed agrochemical pharmacist (AP) system aims accurate diagnosis and reasonable prescription. In this study, 81% of famers claimed expert assistance for purchasing and applying pesticides, and 42~86% of sales managers insisted on the strengthening expertise in diagnosis and prescription. In the institutionalization of AP, a special implementation guideline is essential to embrace the present sales managers with long experience. Sales managers of commercial and agricultural cooperatives recognize the qualifications of agrochemical pharmacists as a strategy to differentiate themselves from competitors, and increase sales through market positioning of "pesticides prescribed by trustworthy agrochemical pharmacists", not sales managers anymore.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.1 s.37
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• pp.88-100
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• 1992

This study was conducted to assess the effects of implementation of the patient referral system started July 1st, 1989. A comparison on the pattern of outpatient services of the Departments of Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and Pediatrics at the Yeungnam University Hospital was conducted for each one year period before and after implementation of the patient referral system. The pre-implementation period was from July 1, 1988 to June 30, 1989 and the post-implementation period was from July 1, 1989 to June 30, 1990. The information used for this study was obtained from official forms, prepared by the Yeungnam University Hospital, and submitted to the Korean Medical Insurance Cooperatives. After implementation of the patient referral system, the number of outpatient cases in the Department of Internal Medicine decreased 36.1% from 9,669 cases to 6,181 cases a year. Cases in the Department of General Surgery decreased 23.7% from 1,864 cases to 1,422 cases a year. The number of cases in the Department of Pediatrics decreased 36.9% from 3,372 cases to 2,128 cases a year. After implementation of the patient referral system, the average age of cases in the Departments of Internal Medicine and General Surgery was 52.5 and 49.7 years old, respectively. This was a significant increase in comparison with the pre-implementation period. After implementation of patient referral system, the proportion of new outpatients in the Department of Internal Medicine decreased from 24.1% to 14.6%, the Department of General Surgery from 36.0% to 23.4%, and the Department of Pediatrics from 15.5% to 8.3%. The number of visits per case decreased significantly in the Department of Internal Medicine(from 1.74 to 1.61), but there was no significant change in the Departments of General Surgery and Pediatrics. The length of treatment per case increased significantly in all three departments(from 16.1 days to 19.3 days in the Department of Internal Medicine, from 12.0 days to 15.2 days in the Department General Surgery, and 8.9 days to 11.2 days in the Department of Pediatrics). The number of clinical tests per case increased significantly in the Department of Internal Medicine (from 2.2 to 2.5), in the Department of Pediatrics(from 0.8 to 1.1) and increased in the Department of General Surgery(from 6.4 to 6.6). The average medical cost per case decreased from 43,900 Won to 42,500 Won in the Department of Internal Medicine, while the cost increased from 75,900 Won to 78,500 Won in the Department of General Surgery and from 12,700 Won to 13,500 Won in the Department of Pediatrics. In case-mix, the chronic degenerative disease(i. e. hypertension, diabetes mellitus, angina pectoris, malignant neoplasm, and pulmonary tuberculosis) ranked higher and acute infectious diseases and simple cases(i. e. gastritis and duodenitis, haemorrhoids, anal fissure, carbuncle, acute URI, and bronchitis) ranked lower after implementation of the patient referral system compared to before implementation.