• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.737-744
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of the Korean wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) according to germination times. The cultivated varieties were T. aestivum L. cv. Keumkang, Jokyung, Baekjoong, and Goso. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents of the ethanolic extracts of wheat were significantly increased with longer germination times. The total polyphenol contents of ungerminated Keumkang, Jokyung, Baekjoong, and Goso were 13.74, 15.05, 16.84, and 13.02 mg GAE/100 g, respectively, and the contents in germinated wheats increased with longer germination times. The total flavonoid contents of ungerminated wheats were 5.11, 6.72, 6.28, and 5.43 mg CE/100 g, and the total tannin content was 9.19, 8.86, 8.93, and 8.66 mg TAE/100 g, respectively. The total flavonoid and tannin contents were substantially increased with longer germination times. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ungerminated Keumkang, Jokyung, Baekjoong, and Goso was 30.77, 23.88, 25.35, and 18.73 mg TE/100 g, and the activity in wheats germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours was 47.47, 44.17, 38.22, and 42.85 mg TE/100 g, respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of ungerminated wheats was 3.42, 88.53, 88.87, and 79.97 mg TE/100 g, respectively, and the activity in germinated wheats increased with longer germination times.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.618-625
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• 2014

Rice flour is used in many food products. However, dough made from rice lacks extensibility and elasticity, making it less suitable than wheat for many food products such as bread and noodles. The high-molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) of wheat play a crucial role in determining the processing properties of the wheat grain. This paper describes the development of marker-free transgenic rice plants expressing a wheat Glu-Dy10 gene encoding the HMG-GS from the Korean wheat cultivar 'Jokyeong' using Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation. Two expression cassettes, consisting of separate DNA fragments containing Glu-1Dy10 and hygromycin phosphotransferase II (HPTII) resistance genes, were introduced separately into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 for co-infection. Each EHA105 strain harboring Glu-1Dy10 or HPTII was infected into rice calli at a 3: 1 ratio of Glu-1Bx7 and HPTII. Among 290 hygromycin-resistant $T_0$ plants, we obtained 29 transgenic lines with both the Glu-1Dy10 and HPTII genes inserted into the rice genome. We reconfirmed the integration of the Glu-1Dy10 gene into the rice genome by Southern blot analysis. Transcripts and proteins of the Glu-1Dy10 in transgenic rice seeds were examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The marker-free plants containing only the Glu-1Dy10 gene were successfully screened in the $T_1$ generation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.322-330
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• 2018

The correlation between the nutritional composition of soybeans and whole soymilk palatability was investigated using nine soybean cultivars (Teagwangkong, Daewonkong, Saedanback, Jinpung, Daechan, Miso, Cheongmiin, Cheongja 3, and Socheongja). Physicochemical analysis of soybeans, showed that the protein and lipid contents were 37.7-46.0 and 15.2-20.9%, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids were 81.1-84.8% of total fatty acids, of which linoleic acids was 49.7-56.8%. Total tocopherol was $243.5-361.3{\mu}g/g$ of extract, of which ${\gamma}$-tocopherol was $67.14-86.49{\mu}g/g$. Total isoflavone contents varied within cultivars from $495.4-1,443.8{\mu}g/g$ of extract. Daidzin and genistin were 252.1-556.0 and $241.8-730.7{\mu}g/g$, respectively, which were major isoflavones in soybeans. For the sensory evaluation, whole soymilk was made from nine soybean cultivars and 20 panels investigate its palatability. The Daechan cultivar had the highest (9.1), and Cheongmiin the lowest (5.6), overall palatability score. Interestingly, sensory results were strongly correlated with linoleic acid (0.746) and stearic acid (-0.716) content. In summary, the fatty acid composition of soybeans is the key factor in determining the palatability of whole soymilk. This study could be applied to determine the suitability of cultivars for soybean products, including whole soymilk.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.424-434
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• 2011

The increase in the consumption of herb medicines have made their use a public health problem due to the potential fungal contamination and the risk of the presence of my cot ox ins. 360 samples of herb medicines were evaluated for the aflatoxin contamination. The natural occurrence of aflatoxins in these samples were determined using immunoaffinity column clean up and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with post-column derivatization. For samples analyzed, mean levels (incidence) of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in positive samples were $1.4\;{\mu}g/kg$(46.4%), $0.4\;{\mu}g/kg$(25.4%), $1.1\;{\mu}g/kg$(37.8%) and $0.9\;{\mu}g/kg$(24.3%), respectively. Recoveries of the full analytical procedure were 71.7~99.7% for AFB1, 88.1~99.2% for AFB2, 82.8~95.5% for AFG1 and 77.9~90.0% for AFG2. The excess cancer risk estimated using the cancer potency of aflatoxin B1 (7 $(mg/kg/day)^{-1}$ for $HBsAg^-$ and 230 $(mg/kg/day)^{-1}$ for $HBsAg^+$) were $1.30{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}1.22{\times}10^{-7}$ for hepatits B surface antigen negative ($HBsAg^-$) and $3.31{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}3.12{\times}10^{-6}$ for hepatits B surface antigen positive ($HBsAg^+$) respectively. In conclusion, although the contamination levels of samples used in the study were low, further actions are also required to undertake a program of herbal surveys in order to access mycotoxin contamination overall so that the safety of public will be protected.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the meat quality characteristics of pork loin in 3 crossbred groups (30 pigs/group). The crossbreeds were LY female${\times}$D male, Y female${\times}$B male and L female${\times}$B male (L: Landrace, Y: Yorkshire, B: Berkshire, D: Duroc). Pork loins were collected from animals ($110{\times}120kg$ body weight) slaughtered in a commercial slaughter house and stored at $-3^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for general composition, physico-chemical properties, meat and fat color, texture characteristics, sensory evaluation and fatty acid composition at 24 hrs postmortem, and TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) values were determined at various storage times. The LYD pigs showed a higher back fat thickness than the YB and LB pigs. There were no significant differences in intramuscular fat, intermuscular fat, subcutaneous fat and springiness among the 3 crossbreeds. In addition, there were no significant differences in general composition, pH, drip loss, cooking loss and cooked sensory evaluation among the 3 crossbreeds (p>0.05). The shear force value of LB pork was significantly lower than other crossbreeds (p<0.05). Total heme pigment was significantly higher in YB pork compared to LYD and LB pork (p<0.05). The TBARS value of YB pork was significantly lower than that of LYD pork, except after the I day of storage (p>0.05). TBARS values increased significantly during storage for all three crossbreeds. The lightness (CIE L) of YB pork was significantly lower, while the redness (CIE a) was significantly higher in YB pork relative to the other crossbreeds. With regard to textural properties, the hardness and adhesiveness values were significantly lower in YB pork compared to LB pork. In fresh meat, the color of YB pork was significantly higher than the other breeds (p<0.05). The content of myristic acid (C14:0) was significantly lower, while the content of arachidonic acid (C20:4) was significantly higher in LB pork (p<0.05). These results show that the YB breed has the highest quality meat of the three crossbreeds.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.7
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• pp.92-104
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• 1966

For the purpose of the better dietary management and to empahsize of importance in nutrition education for 552 students at the dormitories, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University, the dietary survey was conducted for each consecutive seven days, from March 7th to 13th at the boy's dormitory, from March 14th to 20th at the girl's dormitory, respectively. In comparison the average caloric and nutrient intake per caput per day at the both, girl's and boy's dormitory with the recommended dietary allowances for age of 25, the intake of calories and all nutrients except riboflavin were over the allowances for the boy, while the caloric intake by the girl was considerablly below the allowance. But it is meant that only 150 calories was actually deficient in comparison with the figure of the average energy consumption determined for the girls at the dormitory of the Sook-myung Woman's University, whose pattern of living was quite similar to those of the girls at this college. Except iron and ascorbic acid, all other nutrients were deficient for the girls. The calories in the form of protein of a diet taken by the boy was 12.9% and that by the girl was 12.8%. Protein quality of the diet taken by boy scored 70 while that by the girl scored 79. NDp Cal% of the diet taken by the boy was 7 and that by the girl was figured out to be 8. Therefore, calculated reference protein taken by the boy was 55.8 grams and that by the girl was 36.9%. Though it is generally recommended that at least 1/3 of the protein should come from animal sources, it was apparent by this survey that providing 1/5 of the protein from animal sources with remaining part of high quality vegetable protein foods in the adequate mixed diet would give satisfactory results for both girl and boy students. This was clearly demonstrated by the recommended reference protein and NDp Cal% met. Significant difference between boys and girls in the average consumption of seasonings was found. In consumption per day of seasonings, boy used 1.5 grams of red pepper powder which means they used 15 times more of red pepper than girls did. Kochujang was used 13 grams by boy-students which was as high as 21 times of that of the girl. Total salt intake by the boy was 34 grams while the girl consummed 23 grams. It is obviously recognized that boys prefer more peppery and salty flavor than girls do. To reduce the amount of protein consummed and to improve the quality of protein food, increase of riboflavin rich food and increase of fat intake in place of grain intake are recommendable to the boy. For the girl's diet, consumption of grains, particularly more intake of barley mal· be recommendable to meet the B group of vitamins allowances as well as the caloric allowance. The use of more servings of yellow green vegetables is needed to the girl.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.9
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• pp.432-552
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• 1996

The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era(金元代) on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮朝) can be summarized as follows. 1. The four noted physicians of Geum-Won era were Yoo-Wan-So(劉完素), Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正), Lee-Go(李杲), Ju-Jin-Heung(朱震亨). 2. Yoo-Wan-So(劉完索) made his theory on the basic of Nae-Kyung("內經") and Sane-Han-Lon("傷寒論"), his idea of medicine was characterized in his books, for exemple, application of O-Oon-Yuk-Ki(五運六氣), Ju-Wha theory(主火論) and hang-hae-seng-je theory(亢害承制論). from his theory and method of study, many deviations of oriental medicine occurred. He made an effort for study of Nae-Kyung, which had been depressed for many years, on the contrary of the way old study that Nae-Kyung had been only explained or revised, he applied the theory of Nae-Kyung to clinical care. The theory of Yuk-Gi-Byung-Gi(六氣病機) and On-Yeul-Byung(溫熱病) had much influenced on his students and posterities, not to mention Jang-Ja-Wha and Ju-Jin-Heung, who were among the four noted physicians therefore he became the father of Yuk-Gi(六氣) and On-Yeul(溫熱) schools. 3. Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正) emulated Yoo-Wan-So as a model, and followed his Yuk-Gi-Chi-Byung(六氣致病) theory, but he insisted on the use of the chiaphoretic, the emetic and the paregoric to get rid of the causes, specially he insisted on the use of the paregoric, so they called him Gong-Ha-Pa(攻下派). He insisted on the theory that if we would strenthen ourselves we should use food, id get rid of cause, should use the paregoric, emetic and diaphoretic. Jang-Jong-Jung'S Gang-Sim-Wha(降心火) theory, which he improved Yoo-Wan-So's Han-Ryang(寒凉) theory influenced to originate Ju-Jin-Heung'S Ja-Eum-Gang-Wha(滋陰降火) theory. 4. Lee-Go(李杲) insisted on the theory that Bi-Wi(脾胃) played a loading role in the physiological function and pathological change, and that the internal disease was originated by the need of Gi(氣) came from the disorder of digestive organs, and that the causes of internal disease were the irregular meal, the overwork, and mental shock. Lee-Go made an effort for study about the struggle of Jung-Sa(正邪) and in the theory of the prescription he asserted the method of Seung-Yang-Bo-Gi(升陽補氣), but he also used the method of Go-Han-Gang-Wha(苦寒降火). 5. The authors of Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳"), Eui-Hak-Ib-Moon("醫學入門"), and Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") analyzed the medical theory of the four noted physicians and added their own experiences. They helped organizing existing complicated theories of the four noted physicians imported in our country, and affected the formation of medical science in the Choson dynasty largely. Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳") was written by Woo-Dan(虞槫), in this book, he quoted the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, especially, Ju-Jin-Heung was respected by him, it affected the writing of Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要"). Eui-Hak-ib-Moon("醫學入門"), written by Lee-Chun(李杲), followed the medical science of Lee-Go and ju-jin-heung from the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. Its characteristics of Taoism, idea of caring of health, and organization affected Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). Gong-Jung-Hyun(龔延賢) wrote Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") using the best part of the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, this book affected Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") partly. 6. our medical science was developed from the experience of the treatment of disease obtained from human life, these medical knowledge was arranged and organized in Hyang-Yak-Jib-Sung-Bang("鄕藥集成方"), medical books imported from China was organized in Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chwi("醫方類聚"), which formed the base of medical development in the Chosun dynasty. 7. Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要") was written by Jung-Kyung-Sun(鄭敬先) and revised by Yang-Yui-Soo(楊禮壽). It was written on the base of Woo-Dan's Eui-Jung-Jun, which compiled the medical science of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. It contained confusing theories of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era and organized medical books of Myung era, therefore it completed the basic form of Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治) influenced the writing of Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). 8. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑") was written on the base of basic theory of Eum-Yang-O-Haeng(陰陽五行) and the theory of respondence of heaven and man(天人相應說) in Nae-Kyung. It contained several theories and knowledge, such as the theory of Essence(精), vitalforce(氣), and spirit(神) of Taoism, medical science of geum-won era, our original medical knowledge and experience. It had established the basic organization of our medical science and completed the Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham developed medical science from simple medical treatment to protective medical science by caring of health. And it also discussed human cultivation and Huh-Joon's(許浚) own view of human life through the book. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham adopted most part of Lee-Go(李杲) and Ju-Jin-Heung's(朱震亨) theory and new theory of "The kidney is the basis of apriority. The spleen is the basis of posterior", so it emphasized the role of spleen and kidney(脾腎) for Jang-Boo-Byung-Gi(臟腑病機). It contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of the cause and treatment of disease by colour or fatness of man(black or white, fat or thin). It also contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of "phlegm break out fever, fever break out palsy"(痰生熱 熱生風) and the theory of Sang-Wha(相火論). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham contained Lee-Go's theory of Wha-Yu-Won-Bool-Yang-Lib (火與元氣不兩立論) quoted the theory of Bi-Wi(脾胃論) and the theory of Nae-Oi-Sang-Byun(內外傷辨). For the use of medicine, it followed the theory by Lee-Go. lt used Yoo-Wan-So'S theory of Oh-Gi-Kwa-Keug-Gae-Wi-Yul-Byung(五志過極皆爲熱病) for the treatment of hurt-spirit(傷神) because fever was considered as the cause of disease. It also used Jang-Jons-Jung's theory of Saeng-Keug-Je-Seung(生克制勝) for the treatment of mental disease. 9. Lee-je-ma's Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") adopted medical theories of Song-Won-Myung era and analyzed these theories using the physical constitutional theory of Sa-Sang-In(四象人). It added Dong-Mu's main idea to complete the theory and clinics of Sa-Sang-Eui-Hak(四象醫學). Lee-Je-Ma didn't quote the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era to discuss that the physical constitutional theory of disease and medicine from Tae-Eum-In(太陰人), So-Yang-In(少陽人), So-Eum-In(少陰人), and Tae-Yang-In(太陽人) was invented from their theories.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the changes in physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and contents of functional compounds, such as avenanthramides (AVNs), vitamin E, and ${\beta}$-glucan, in oats by accelerated age-conditioning (temperature: $45^{\circ}C$, relative humidity: 20%). No significant differences were observed in crude protein, crude fat, and AVNs contents of three oat cultivars, up to 63 days of storage; however, their antioxidant activities, as well as ${\beta}$-glucan, vitamin E, and fatty acid contents were significantly different (p < 0.05). ${\beta}$-glucan and fatty acid contents and the antioxidant activities of Deayang (DY) cultivar did not change during storage. ${\beta}$-glucan and unsaturated fatty acid contents of Choyang (CY) and Jopung (JP) increased during the storage period, while antioxidant activities did not (DPPH-CY; 48.1 to 26.9 mg TEAC/100 g, JP; 49.4 to 26.7 mg TEAC/100 g. ABTS-CY; 88.4 to 56.3 mg TEAC/100 g, JP; 80.0 to 55.8 mg TEAC/100 g). The total vitamin E content in DY (1.20 to 0.85 mg/100 g) and CY (1.73 to 1.33 mg/100 g) decreased, but it was maintained in JP. This study indicated that the changes in physicochemical properties and functional compounds of oat grains during storage depends on the cultivars. The result showed that DY, which has the highest AVNs content, has more stable functional compounds and antioxidant activities during storage. These results can serve as essential data for post-harvest management and development of functional food materials for extending the use of oats.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.66-78
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to provide hotel bakery organizations with useful information for human resources management based on a substantial clarification of the relationship and correlation of hotel bakery employees' self-leadership, self-efficacy, and organizational commitment. Resources were gathered from June 20, 2015 to July 10, 2015 by distributing a total of 500 surveys, from which 377 were collected. Excluding 23 survey forms not suitable for the analysis, 354 survyes were processed through factor analysis, reliability test, and multivariant structural analysis using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 to verify the hypotheses. The findings of the analysis can be summarized as follows: first, behavior-centered strategies, natural compensation, and constructive thinking strategies had a significantly positive impact on self-efficacy. Second, in the analysis of impact of self-efficacy on organizational commitment, it was significant for emotional immersion, but did not have a significantly positive impact on normative immersion. Third, in the relationship between self-leadership and organizational commitment, behavior-centered strategies and natural compensation did not have a significant impact on emotional immersion. However, constructive thinking strategies had a significant impact. The following implications can be derived based on the above findings: this study implies the possibility of future studies on the variables of self-efficacy as it set behavior-centered strategies, natural compensation, and constructive thinking strategies as the preliminary factors under hotel bakery employees' self-leadership; and it analyzed the causality of each factor with emotional immersion and normative immersion as the subordinate factors of self-efficacy and organizational commitment to show that self-leadership and self-efficacy of hotel bakery employees based on emotional immersion and normative immersion can stably improve the organization of hotel bakeries.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2014

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the hybrids of monokaryon- monokaryon (mono-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing superior strains from Pleurotus species strains with 85 mono-mono intraspecific hybrids of 7 combinations between six Pleurotus ostreatus strains and one Pleurotus florida strain. In this study, the results of analysis on hybridization rate, nuclear DNA patterns, and colors and yields of fruit-bodies, are presented as follows. The crossability between mono-mono crossing ranges between 50 and 93.75%. The results of the analysis on the nuclear DNA patterns of 85 hybrid strains of mono-mono crosses share the nuclei of both parents, but their genetic similarities were predominated by either parent. The hybrid strain between P. florida and P. ostreatus showed patterns more similar to P. florida, while the hybrid strain between P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus either had patterns predominated by either parent strain. The fruiting body colors of the mono-mono crosses mostly had combined colors of both parents but showed the tendency of being more similar to that of either parent. 82% of the hybrid strain indicated similar fruiting body yields compared to both parent strains, while 0% was higher and 18% were lower than both parents. The present study was able to find out and suggest superior hybrid trains by identifying the nuclear DNA patterns of hybrids between Pleurotus species as well as the characteristics of their fruiting bodies. This study expects that the advantages of the mono-mono crossing are needs to be fully utilized in mushroom breeding and it is better to develop superior strains of Pleurotus species strains together with the mono-mono crossing.