• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2014

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) infections affect domestic dogs, cats, and various wild mammals with increasing incidence in temperate and tropical areas. More sensitive antibody detection methodologies are required to diagnose asymptomatic dirofilariasis with low worm burdens. Applying current transcriptomic technologies would be useful to discover potential diagnostic markers for D. immitis infection. A filarial homologue of the mammalian translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was initially identified by screening the assembled transcriptome of D. immitis (DiTCTP). A BLAST analysis suggested that the DiTCTP gene shared the highest similarity with TCTP from Loa loa at protein level (97%). A histidine-tagged recombinant DiTCTP protein (rDiTCTP) of 40 kDa expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) showed immunoreactivity with serum from a dog experimentally infected with heartworms. Localization studies illustrated the ubiquitous presence of rDiTCTP protein in the lateral hypodermal chords, dorsal hypodermal chord, muscle, intestine, and uterus in female adult worms. Further studies on D. immitis-derived TCTP are warranted to assess whether this filarial protein could be used for a diagnostic purpose.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.513-520
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• 1993

Surgical treatment of aneurysm or dissection involving the ascending aorta and aortic arch still poses one of the most complicated technical and tactical challenges in surgery. The use of total circulatory arrest[TCA] with profound hypothermia in the surgical treatment of aneurysmal dissection involving the ascending aorta and aortic arch has been reported as popular surgical methods. However, the safe period of prolonged circulatory arrest with hypothermia remains controversial and ischemic damage to the central nervous system and uncontrollable perioperative bleeding have been the major problem. We have found profound hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion via the superior vena cava to achieve cerebral protection. We experiment the aortic anastomosis in 7 adult mongrel dogs, using profound hypothermic circulatory arrest with continuous retrograde cerebral perfusion[RGCP] via superior vena cava. We also studied the extent of cerebral protection using above surgical methods, by gas analysis of retrograde cerebral perfusion blood and returned blood of aortic arch, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative electroencephalography and microscopic findings of brain tissue. The results were as follows: 1. The cooling time ranged from 15 minutes to 24 minutes[19.71$\pm$ 3.20 minutes] ; Aorta cross clamp time ranged from 70 minutes to 89 minutes[79.86 $\pm$ 7.54 minutes] ; Rewarming time ranged from 35 minutes to 47 minutes[42.86$\pm$ 4.30 minutes] ; The extracorporeal circulation time ranged from 118 minutes to 140 minutes[128.43$\pm$ 8.98 minutes] [Table 2]. 2. The oxygen content in the oxygenated blood after RGCP was 12.66$\pm$ 1.25 ml/dl. At 5 minutes after the initiation of RGCP, the oxygen content of returnedlood was 7.58$\pm$ 0.21 ml/dl, and at 15 minutes 7.35$\pm$ 0.17 ml/dl, at 30 minutes 7.20$\pm$ 0.19 ml/dl, at 60 minutes 6.63$\pm$ 0.14 ml/dl [Table 3]. 3. Intraoperative electroencephalographic finding revealed low amplitude potential during hypothermia, and no electrical impulse throughout the period of circulatory arrest and RGCP. Electrical activity appeared after reperfusion, and the electroencephalographic reading also recovered rapidly as body temperature returned to normal [Fig. 2]. 4. The microscopic finding of brain tissue showed widening of the interfibrillar spaces. But there was no evidence of tissue necrosis or hemorrhage [Fig. 3]. We concluded the retrograde cerebral perfusion during hypothermic circulatory arrest is a simplified technique that may have a excellent brain protection.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2008

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed from 15 days after ovulation until parturition to determine the time of first detection and ultrasonographic appearance of the fetal and extra-fetal structures in pregnant 10 Maltese, 10 Yorkshire Terrier, 15 Shih-tzu, and 10 Miniature Schnauzer bitches, respectively. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0ng/ml. The gestational length was $63.4{\sim}63.6$ (range: $61{\sim}65$) days and the geatational length was no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). The initial detection of the extra-fetal structures were; gestational sac at days $18.9{\sim}19.5\;(17{\sim}22)$, zonary placenta at days $24.6{\sim}25.5\;(23{\sim}28)$, yolk sac membrane at days $24.6{\sim}25.5\;(23{\sim}27)$, yolk sac tubular shape at days $26.1{\sim}26.3\;(24{\sim}28)$, and amniotic membrane at days $26.1{\sim}28.2\;(24{\sim}31)$, respectively. The time of the first detection of the extra-fetal structures were no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). The initial detection of the fetal structures were; embryo initial detection at days $22.5{\sim}22.9\;(21{\sim}24)$, heartbeat at days $23.2{\sim}23.8\;(21{\sim}25)$, embryo bipolar shape $27.6{\sim}28.9\;(26{\sim}30)$, fetal movement at days $31.9{\sim}32.8\;(27{\sim}34)$, limb buds at days $29.1{\sim}30.7\;(27{\sim}33)$, stomach at days $31.1{\sim}33.1\;(29{\sim}34)$, urinary bladder at days $32.4{\sim}33.2\;(29{\sim}35)$, skeleton at days $34.7{\sim}35.9\;(34{\sim}39)$, and kidney at days $42.1{\sim}44.7\;(41{\sim}48)$, respectively. The the time of the first detection of the fetal structures were no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). These results indicate the evaluation of the time of first detection and ultrasonographic characteristics of the gestational structures might be useful for pregnancy diagnosis, estimating fetal age, embryonic resorption, fetal monster, abnormal fetal growth and fetal viability, respectively.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to estimate of ovulation time and parturition day at the same time as breeding in small dog by vaginal cytology and to confirm the accuracy by comparing the expected parturition day and the real one. Characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of large intermediate cell, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell and anuclear cell in estrus, parabasal cell, small intermediate cell, large intermediate cell and leukocyte in diestrus, parabasal cell and small intermediate in anestrus, respectively. When day 0 was the parturition day, the period of pregnancy is 67.45(64~75) days when the cornification index (CI) is over 90%. Also, on the basis of ovulation day, 63.65(59~66) days was confirmed, and 57.0(52~60) days was confirmed based on the first day of diestrus. There are the gap of 4 days between the day being over 90% in CI and ovulation day. On the basis of this, when expecting parturition day based on the day being over 90% in CI by vaginal cytology, 18.1% was produced in the same of the expected parturition day and the real one, 30.3% and 33.3% were produced in the gap of one day and two days, respectively so, the accuracy within two days was 81.7%. In addition, based on the first day of diestrus, it also was identified to 81.7% as the difference between the expected parturition day and the real one within 2 days. It demonstrated there are any difference between any expected parturition day by vaginal cytology. Thus on the basis of the day of being over 90% CI, it is fully thought to using clinically due to the possibility of prediction the parturition day at the same time as the determination of the proper time of the optimal mating time.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2001

Artificial insemination (AI) with frozen or cooled semen is widely used in commercial fields of cattle and pig. Little is known about characteristics of canine sperm after freezing or cooling. For both practical and commercial goal, the canine semen treated with cooling and freezing should be carried out to exam the fundamentals, including sperm motility, survivability and fertilizing capacity. The aim of this study, thus, was to identify the effects of extended exposure to 4$0^{\circ}C$ on canine semen by motility, survivability, acrosomal changes following different duration. Fifteen ejaculates collected by digital manipulation twice per week from 3 dogs (Shih-Tzu) were divided to 16 aliquots after adding Tris-egg yolk (TE) buffer formulated by our laboratory, and cooled from 37 to 4$^{\circ}C$, by ramp rate of 0.6$^{\circ}C$/min. Each sample was evaluated by their motility, survivability and the acrosomal status at 0h (control), 2h, 12h and 1 d~10 d, respectively. The motility of spermatozoa was graded to 6 levels using the modified method of Seager. The survivability of sperm was assessed using an epifluorescence microscope after Fert/Light (Mole-cular Probes Inc.) staining. To estimate the proportion of the spermatozoa of intact acrosome, 200 spermatozoa were assessed in randomly selected fields, using epifluorescence microscope after FITC/PSA (Sigma) staining. At 2 h after cooling, the motility of most spermatozoa were assessed to be grade 0 and 1. At 12 h, high number of sperm were in grade 0 to 1, however, it was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of 2 h. From 1 d to 4 d, ~50% of sperm was assessed to grade 0 to 1. On day 7, a little sperm were in grade 0 to 1. No sperm showed motility on day 10. Sperm motility was rapidly reduced by the percent of 10% of grade 0 to 1. From 2 h to 6 h, the number of live sperm was 90% and the sperm chilled for 10 days lived>50%. Acrosomal intact of spermatozoa exposed to 4$^{\circ}C$ for 2 h was 51%, supposed the sperm of control was 100%. Our results suggest that 1) this is easy to transfer and preservation for short periods 2) AI can be used by semen chilled for 6-Day.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2016

In this study, the features of canine lymphoma on fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were evaluated in three small breed dogs. In case 1, ultrasonography and CT indicated neoplastic involvement of the sternal, right axillary, submandibular, lower cervical, tracheobronchial, mesenteric, and sublumbar lymph nodes; spleen; and liver. However, intense FDG uptake on PET/CT images was detected only for the lymph nodes and spleen. No FDG uptake by the liver was detected for case 1 despite the confirmation of lymphoma by cytology. In case 2, ultrasonography and CT indicated neoplastic involvement of the axillary, mesenteric, and sublumbar lymph nodes and the spleen, while intense FDG uptake on PET/CT images was detected for the axillary and a few mesenteric lymph nodes, and the spleen. FDG uptake was additionally observed from popliteal lymph nodes, however there was no uptake by the sublumbar lymph nodes and some mesenteric lymph nodes. In case 3, neoplastic changes in the splenic, mesenteric, and sublumbar lymph nodes and spleen were suspected on ultrasonography, and lower cervical and popliteal lymph node involvements were additionally detected on PET/CT. Compared to ultrasonography, repeated PET/CT showed increased FDG uptake by the lymph nodes at an earlier stage after chemotherapy in case 3. This study illustrated the features of PET/CT in canine lymphomas and compared those to ultrasonography and CT findings. FDG uptakes were not detected from some lesions which were suspected to be neoplastic involvement in case 1 and 2. We could not clearly explain the reason of this result in the present study because cytological or histological examination was not performed for lesions that showed different results on ultrasonography, CT, and PET/CT. Further studies on the subclassification of canine lymphoma and the sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT for the detection of canine lymphoma are required. PET/CT data can provide useful information for predicting the therapeutic response at an early stage after treatment.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.158-161
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• 2015

세균성 피부염은 항생제 치료가 필요한 흔한 질환이다. 최근 항생제 내성 세균이 전 세계적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 본 연구에서는 개 피부염 병변에서 분리한 S. pseudintermedius의 항생제 내성 유전자 발현을 조사하고, 이를 디스크 감수성 시험결과와 비교하였다. 총 7개의 S. pseudintermedius 균주가 연구에 포함되었다. 세균 동정은 16S rDNA 염기 서열 분석으로 실시하였다. 조사 결과 분리한 S. pseudintermedius 모두가 1개 이상의 항생제 내성유전자(mecA, blaZ and aac[6']/aph[2"])를 보유하였다. 전체 분리균주가 blaZ 유전자에 양성을 보였으나, 두 개 균주만이 amoxicillin/clavulanate에 내성을 나타냈다. Gentamicin 내성을 나타낸 5개 균주 중, 1개는 aac(6')/aph(2") 유전자에 대한 PCR 검사에서 음성을 나타냈다. 이 결과는 내성 유전자 검출 PCR 기법과 디스크 감수성 시험 기법이 항생제 내성을 검사하는 데에 있어 상호보완적인 관계를 가짐을 제시한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.213-220
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• 1983

Pulmonary function is the determinant of blood gas tension. However, Acid-Base disturbances can also alter partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. During respiratory acidosis $PO_2$ will be lowered and reverse changes will be produced during respiratory alkalosis. On the other hand, in metabolic acidosis $PO_2$ will be elevated and $PCO_2$ will be lowered by the respiratory compensation, and reverse response will be induced in metabolic alkalosis. Urinary gas tension has many influencing factors than arterial blood and difficult to estimate the tendency of its alterations. Urinary $PO_2$ and $PCO_2$ are not always identical level as venous blood. It is to be altered by blood gas tension, flow rate of urine, metabolic rate of kidney, and Acid-Base status of blood. Particularly countercurrent exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the renal medulla will make larger alteration of gas tension than venous blood. After induction of Acid-Base disturbances [disturbances] arterial and urinary $PCO_2$, $PO_2$, urinary volume, and osmolarity were determined in dogs, and the relationships between arterial and urinary $PCO_2$ , $PO_2$ Acid-Base disturbances, urinary volume, and osmolarity were investigated. 1. During the acute Metabolic and Respiratory disturbances urinary pH did not respond on respiratory origin. However, there were immediate urinary response in pH on metabolic origin. 2. Urinary $PO_2$, $PCO_2$, did not always follow arterial or venous gas tension and Acid-Base disturbance. Urinary $PCO_2$, correlate well with the urinary volume. The larger the urinary volume, $PCO_2$ lowered to the venous level. The smaller the urinary volume, urinary $PCO_2$ tends to be higher. However urinary $PO_2$ did not have any particular correlation with urinary volume. 3. Correlation between urinary $PCO_2$ and $PO_2$ were inversely proportional to arterial blood. Differences of $PCO_2$ between arterial blood and urine also did not have any particular correlation with urinary volume. This may suggest that changes on blood gas tensions can influence on urinary $PCO_2$. 4. There were eminent clear inverse correlation between urinary $PCO_2$ and osmolar concentrations of urine. Above results strongly suggest that partial pressure of gas in urine primarily depend upon counter-current exchanges in renal medullary tissues.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1980

Heparin would have been used for preventing clotting of blood during extracorporeal circulation and subsequent use of protamine sulfate and made possible the neutralization of heparin. This procedure has been adopted for eliminating one of the great causes of bleeding, especially in cardiac surgery. In this experiment, the hypocoagulability of blood induced by heparin followed by neutralization with treatment of protamine sulfate were estimated by the Lee-White clotting time [CT], partial thromboplastin time [PTT] and protamine titration test. The results were as follows: 1] Comparison of clotting time between the heparinized [2.0 mg/kg] and non-heparinized dogs was done using CT and PT`I` of the blood. In heparinized group [Group I], the CT lasted infinitively and prolongation of PTT [4 times than normal] until 60 minutes. The CT [2 times] and PTT [3 times] has been shortened after 90 minutes, however they returned to normal limit level within 180 minutes. 2] The determination of appropriate ratio of heparin and protamine In vivo were performed. The group II [heparin 2.0 mg/kg, protamine 1.0 mg/kg] revealed rapid decrease of CT and PTT, but returned to normal after 120 minutes. The group III [heparin 2.0 mg/kg, protamine 2.0 mg/kg] returned rapidly to normal within 15 minutes. The group IV [heparin 2.0 mg/kg, protamine 3.0 mg/kg] recovered its normal level after 60 minutes. The group V [heparin 2.0 mg/kg, protamine 4.0 mg/kg] recovered its normal level after 90 minutes. 3] In the combined experimental study In vivo and vitro, the protamine titration test was done using the dog which were given 2.0 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg of heparin, respectively and coagulation time were checked after 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The complete neutralization was showed to be heparin-protamine ratio of 1:1 to 1.5. 4] In vitro study, fresh blood was drawn into known amount of heparin content [20, 40, 60 and 100/ug per 1 ml of blood] syringe, thereafter protamine titration test was done. In all cases, the complete neutralization was found in heparin-protamine ratio of 1:0.85 to 1.5. 5] It was found by the present experiment that the ideal heparin-protamine ratio was 1:1 within 60 minutes and 1:0.5 after 60 minutes for avoiding the serious side effect due to overadministration of protamine sulfate.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.739-746
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• 1997

기관결손을 대체할 이장적인 보철물을 개발하려는 다양한 실험연구가 있었다. 인공기관보철물의 조건으로 는 공기에 비투과성, 적이지 않는 형태의 안전성, 생체내에서 섬 유아세포의 증식과 상피세포 재생에 필요한 생체적합성이 요구된다. 생체적합성이 우수한 포리우레탄 소재의 다공성포리우레탄 튜브에 gelatin으로 도포하고 isoplastic고리를 보강하여 외경 20 m길이 30 m의 인공기관보철물을 제작하였다. 인공기관의 생체적합성과 상피세포재생을 촉진하기위해 콜라겐 물질인 gelatin을 감마선으로 고정하여 도포하였다. 인공기관보철물을 잡종성견 10마리를 대상으로 경흉부기관에 이식하였다. 실험군에서는 다공성 폴리머에 gelatin으로 피복한 인공기관을 이식하였고 대조군에서는 gelatin으로 피복하지않은 인공기관과 ,다공성 폴리머에 gelatin을 피복한 기관에 자가심장 편을 접합시킨 것을 이식하여 실험하였다. 다공성 폴리머에 gelatin피복한 기관과 자가심낭편을 접합한 기관 을 이식한 후 6주째에 인공기관 내면에 상피화가 관찰되었다. gelatin 피복한 기관을 대상으로 외번문합과 내 문합을 비교한 결과 외번문합에서 문합부의 육아종 협착이 더 심하게 생겼다. 심낭편을 접착한 기관에서는 문합부와 접착부에 감염과 염증이 있었다. 본 실험결과 다공성포리우레탄 튜브에 gelatin을 도포한 인공기관 보철물은 상피재생과 생체적합성이 우수하며 재질개선과 문합부의 협착을 막는 연구보완이 되면 임상적용 을 기대 할수 있다.