• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.129-132
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• 2007

The geographical distribution and ecological preferences of Haemaphysalis in domestic animals in Iran were studied 4 times a year from April 2003 to March 2005. A total of 1,622 ixodid tick specimens were collected from 3 different zones. Among them, 108 (6.7%) Haemaphysalis ticks, consisting of 6 species, were identified; H. punctata (3.4%), H. parva (0.5%), H. sulcata (0.6%), H. choldokovskyi (1.7%), H. concinna (0.06%) and Haemaphysalis sp. (0.6%). H. punctata was the most abundant species, whereas H. concinna was the rarest species collected in humid and sub-humid zones on cattle, sheep and goats. H. choldokovskyi was principally collected from sheep and goats grazed in cold mountainous areas. The infested areas consisted of Caspian Sea (Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, and central provinces), mountainous (Azarbaiejan, Ardebil, Kohgilouyeh, and Kordestan) and semi-dessert (Khorasan, Semnan, Herman, Sistan, and Baluchestan) zones. The Caspian Sea zone (23.6%) was the most highly infested region. The results show that various species of Haemaphysalis ticks infest domestic ruminants in Iran and each tick species show characteristic geographical distributions.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.1303-1317
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• 2013

본 연구는 초등학교와 중학교에서 점심으로 제공되는 학교급식의 나트륨과 칼륨 함량을 분석하여 데이터베이스를 구축하고자 수행되었다. 대구, 마산, 광주 및 제주에 소재한 초등학교 12개교와 중학교 12개교에서 대략 열흘 동안 제공된 872 종의 음식을 수거하였으며, 이들 음식을 4종의 주식류, 15종의 부식류 및 5종의 후식류로 구분하였다. 각 음식의 나트륨과 칼륨 함량을 원자흡광광도계로 분석하였고 Na/K 비율을 산출하였다. 학교급식에서 제공된 총 24종의 음식군 중에서 초등학교와 중학교 모두 음료류, 과일류, 우유/유제품류 및 밥류의 네 음식군만 나트륨의 위해 기준이 낮은 "저(low) 나트륨(<120 mg/100 g)" 범위에 속하였고, 초등학교의 경우는 장아찌류, 소스류, 볶음류, 김치류 및 생채류 등 5종의 음식군과 중학교의 경우는 이들 외에 찜류와 구이류를 포함한 7종의 음식군이 "고(high) 나트륨(${\geq}500mg/100g$)" 범위에 해당하였으며, 나머지 음식군은 "중 나트륨(120~500 mg/100 g)" 범위에 들었다. "중 나트륨" 범위에 속한 음식군 중에서도 주식류의 일품요리류, 죽류, 특히 습식음식인 면류와 후식류에서 떡류와 빵/스낵류는 나트륨 함량이 비교적 높았다. 이러한 결과, 점심 한 끼로 제공된 음식의 나트륨 함량은 초등학교와 중학교 각각 974 mg과 1,466 mg으로 해당 연령대의 충분섭취량의 1/3 분량에 비해 각각 225%와 293%로 높았다. 이와 함께 동일한 음식의 나트륨 함량이 학교에 따라 상당한 차이가 있음을 밝힌 본 연구결과는 학교급식에서 조정 가능한 나트륨 함량이 통제되지 않았음을 시사해주었다. 나트륨 위해기준이 높은 음식군을 비롯해 각 음식의 레시피에 나트륨을 함유하는 소금이나 간장 등 장류나 소스류의 적정 사용량을 명시하고 이의 사용을 상시 모니터링하거나, 저염 음식을 개발하거나, 나트륨 함량이 높은 가공식품의 사용을 줄이거나 또는 나트륨을 제거하거나, 후식류의 경우는 학교에서 조리하지 않으므로 나트륨 함량이 낮은 음식을 선택하는 등 적극적으로 나트륨 저감화 방안을 찾아야 할 것이다. 한편 학교급식에서 제공된 음식군의 칼륨 함량은 나트륨에 비해 큰 변이를 보이지 않았다. 주식류에서는 밥류의 칼륨 함량은 낮은 편이었고 일품요리류, 죽류 및 면류는 높았는바, 이들 음식군의 나트륨 함량이 높은 점을 상쇄하였다. 그러나 부식류 중에서 습식음식군의 칼륨 함량이 건식음식군에 비해 절반 정도로 낮은 편이었다. 후식류에서는 과일류가 높았던 반면에 떡류가 낮은 편이어서 떡류는 나트륨 함량은 높고 칼륨 함량은 낮은 바람직하지 않은 특성을 보였다. 이러한 결과, 점심 한 끼로 제공된 음식의 칼륨 함량은 초등학교와 중학교 각각 378 mg과 528mg으로 해당 연령대의 충분섭취량의 1/3에 비해 각각 35%와 45%로 낮았다. 본 연구결과는 학교급식에서 칼륨 함량을 높이려는 노력이 없었음을 알려준다. 따라서 국류, 찌개류 및 탕/전골류 등 습식음식에 칼륨 함량이 높은 재료를 많이 사용하려는 시도가 필요하며 또한 후식으로 떡류 사용을 억제하고 칼륨 함량이 높은 과일류나 우유/유제품류를 적극 활용해야 할 것이다. 이와 같은 결과, 각 음식군의 Na/K 비율은 칼륨 함량보다는 나트륨 함량에 의해 결정되는 양상이었다. 즉 주식류에서는 일품요리류와 죽류, 특히 면류가 밥류에 비해 두 배 정도 높았고, 부식류 중에서는 장아찌류, 소스류, 볶음류 등이 높은 반면에 샐러드류와 생채류가 낮았으며, 후식류에서는 떡류와 빵/스낵류가 높았고 음료류, 과일류 및 우유/유제품류가 낮았다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 학교급식의 Na/K 비율을 낮추기 위해서는 나트륨 함량을 줄이는 동시에 칼륨 함량을 높이려는 시도가 필요함을 보여준다. 본 연구에서는 대구, 마산, 광주와 제주 등 네 지역 사이에 몇몇 음식의 나트륨이나 칼륨 함량에 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 즉 나트륨의 경우 특히 초등학교에서 광주지역 학교의 여러 음식군이 타 지역에 비해 대체로 높았으며, 칼륨의 경우는 초등학교나 중학교 모두에서 대구나 마산지역 학교의 몇몇 음식군이 광주나 제주지역보다 높은 편이었다. 한편 초등학교와 중학교 사이에 나트륨이나 칼륨 함량의 차이는 뚜렷하지 않은 편이었다. 다만 나트륨의 경우 초등학교의 국류와 찜류가 중학교보다 높았고, 반대로 중학교의 전류는 초등학교보다 높았다. 칼륨의 경우는 숙채류와 찌개류에서만 초등학교가 중학교보다 높았다. 그러나 지역 간에 또는 초등학교와 중학교 사이에 나트륨이나 칼륨 함량에 차이를 보인 것은 동일한 음식에서 나타난 나트륨이나 칼륨 함량의 차이에 비해 중요한 문제가 아니었다. 나트륨 섭취량은 짠맛에 대한 민감성과 선호도에 영향을 받으며, 나트륨을 과다하게 섭취하는 식습관은 어린시절에 형성되어 나이가 들수록 강화된다는 점은 잘 알려져 있다. 초등학교 또는 중학교에서의 학교급식은 아동기와 청소년기의 식사에 큰 영향을 끼칠뿐만 아니라 영양교육에 있어서도 중요한 기회이다. 본 연구 결과가 학교급식의 나트륨 저감화와 칼륨의 충분 섭취에 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.289-298
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the Americans' perception on Korean food by analyzing the articles of the New York Times which is the best quality newspaper in America. The number of articles of the New York Times on Korean food were 111 from 1980 to 2005. The average yearly articles was 1.3 form 1980 to 1989, 4.1 from 1990 to 1999, and 9.5 from 2000 to 2005. A large number of articles(54.1%) concerning Korean foods were restaurant reviews based on the experiences in dining at Korean restaurant in America. Main authors of restaurant reviews were Eric Asimo(14), Florence Fabricant(11), and Mark Bittman(8). The kinds of Korean foods reported in the New York Times were 111 which included staple food(21), subsidiary food(82) dessert(4) and Japanese Food(4). There were 15 recipes on Korean food reported in the New York Times including 3 items on Kimchi and 3 items on Bulgogi. The New York Times said Kimchi, Buigogi, Galbi, Pajeon, and Bibimbop were popular among Americans. The New York Times described Korean foods as exhilarating, robust, bold, rustic, healthful, incendiary, assertive, lusty, and exuberant. There were many favorable comments on Korean foods in the New York Times.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze external elements of 'time series table serving' and to discover any problems in the table setting. We selected two traditional Korean restaurants in five-star hotels and two representative traditional Korean style restaurants and analyzed the tableware arrangement of their table settings. The results are as follows. In restaurant A, the arrangement of different styles of tableware made from a variety of materials seemed relatively natural. However, the dessert plates were 'Buncheong' ware made with 'Bakji' method; in this case, the pattern was larger than the size of the fruits served and made the food inconspicuous. Rather than using plates made with a 'bakji' method, using plates with small patterns in the 'johwa' method would complement the food. In restaurant B, the space between the tableware, spoon and chopsticks was narrow, and the spoon and chopsticks sets would not fit on the table pads when large dishes or multiple dishes were served. In this case, changing the dishes to smaller sized dishes, considering the size of the table pad, or not using the pad at all would solve the issue. In restaurant C, too many small dishes were laid on the table, making it look disorderly. We believe that recovering tableware that is no longer in use, laying dishes and cutlery inside of the table pads or not using the table pad would be better. In restaurant D, the same style and color of dishes were provided 9 times. The lack of variety could be tedious to customers. The forms and colors of dishes should be changed in accordance with the order of the meal served. However, when using tableware created by different methods such as 'Buncheong' ware or white porcelain, the same pattern should be chosen in order to elevate the dignity of the table menu through uniformity. These issues in tableware arrangement indicate that external forms of banquet table setup should be studied so that the culture of Korean traditional cuisine can be enriched.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.573-582
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to establish the one serving size of Korean Processed Food. Defining the one serving size is very important for nutrition labeling and foodservice operation, because the one serving size is used to set up a proper portion by each foodservice operation. The basic data of 200 items were collected through three methods. Searching many cookbooks, exploring the commercial and noncommercial foodservices -6 industrial foodservices, 100 nationwide elementary school foodservice recipes analysis, and 3 hospital foodservice systems as the samples - moreover, experimental cooking and sensory evaluation by trained panels were conducted to assess quantity preference of selected food items. All data were rearranged through food type, that is, main dish, side dish, dessert and health food. One serving sizes of processed foods showed wide variety according to the different menus that include selected food items. Therefore, means and ranges of serving size by three research methods were presented item by item. The results obtained were: 1. The Korean Processed Foods were dried and sugar adding and soused foods, and many of them used the natual processing methods. 2. There were wide varieties in the classification of main dishes, but many of them were cereals, noodles, and sugar products. One serving size of noodles were around $50{\sim}100\;g$, cereals were $20{\sim}40\;g$, which means the one serving size can be differenciated by the food usage. 3. According to the Food classification of side dishes, many of them were as following; natural dried foods, processed fish products, salted or sugar added foods, seasoned foods and sugar products. Moreover the Types of cooking in side dishes were almost culinary vegetables, teas, health foods and condiments, and soused fish products. 4. About desserts, they were almost teas and sugars, and the Types of cooking were teas, health foods and seasonings. 5. We can conclude that almost Korean Processed foods used the drying and soused processing methods for long-time preservation, but it can make the higher content of any special elements, such as sodium or carbohydrates.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.509-517
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to establish the one serving size of Korean Indigeneous Food. Serving size is necessary to make Nutrition Labeling which is required to export Korean food product especially to the United States of America. The basic data of 100 food items were collected through searching traditional and recent cookbooks. 4 industrial foodservices as noncommercial foodservice and 30 traditional ethnic restaurants and 12 gourmet restaurants in hotels as commercial foodservlce were explored to collect the data of actual serving size of each items. Moreover, experimental cooking and sensory evaluation by trained panels were conducted to assess quantity preference of selected food items. All data were rearranged through food type, that is, main dish, side dish, dessert and health food. One serving sizes showed wide variety according to the different menus that include selected food items. Therefore, means and ranges of serving size by four research methods were presented item by item. There were wide differences in intakes of main dishes, for example, noodles were around $50{\sim}100g$, cereals were 20 g, which means the one serving size can be differenciated by the food usage. In intakes of side dishes, average of side dishes were $20{\sim}30g$, but Kimches, the first traditional Korean food, were $30{\sim}50g$, and the other condiments, pepper paste and soy paste were $5{\sim}10g$. About desserts, liquid types were around 200 g, the other sugars were $10{\sim}20g$, the kind of teas were almost $2{\sim}3g$. The health foods-many kinds of that were Ginseng-were averaged 20 g; but dried mushrooms were around 2 g.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.747-760
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The consumption of home meal replacement (HMR) is increasing among college students in Korea and China. In particular, Chinese college students studying abroad in Korea (CSK) show changes in their dietary behavior after migration, and HMR consumption for meal substitution is also increasing. This study was conducted to compare the HMR consumption behaviors and HMR development needs of CSK, Chinese college students in China (CSC), and Korean college students in Korea (KSK). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 570 college students (180 CSK, 200 CSC, and 190 KSK) who had experience of HMR consumption. Data were collected by face-to-face survey in 2019 and analyzed using SPSS 25.0. RESULTS: The majority of the subjects purchased HMR to 'saving time' and 'preventing meal skipping'. Average purchase price per HMR was about 5,000 won for the CSK and KSK, and about 3,000 won for the CSC. The most important attributes when selecting HMR for the CSK and CSC were hygiene, freshness, and taste in that order, while for the KSK were taste, price, and hygiene. Rice was preferred by the KSK while grilled and fried dishes were preferred by the CSK and CSC. In terms of development needs, dessert and meat-based side dishes were highest in all three groups. The preferred food materials for more than 50% of the subjects of all groups were beef, chicken, pork, shrimp, and squid, and spinach and Chinese cabbage in the CSK, and onion in the KSK. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows more effort is needed to develop the healthy customized HMR for college students studying in Korea and China, and that focuses are placed by CSK on hygiene and freshness, by CSC on meat side dishes, hygiene, and price, and by KSK on snacks (as meal substitutes), taste, and price.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.595-606
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• 2021

Unhealthy dietary behavior such as insufficient calcium intake can be one of risk factors of osteoporosis and chronic diseases in older people. This study evaluated the recent trends in dietary calcium intake and the food source in Korean adults aged 50 years or older using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2015-2019) data. This study used 24-hour recall survey data to investigate the calcium intake, the major food groups and main dishes contributing to the calcium intake. The mean calcium intake was 479.55-506.81 mg/day. The major food groups that contribute to calcium intake were vegetables, milks and fishes. Dairy and frozen desserts and kimchi were the major dish groups that contributed to the calcium intake. Calcium intake from milk in dairy and frozen dessert group has been high in last 5 years (50-64 years old: 34.71-47.68 mg, 65-74 years old: 29.72-43.65 mg, over 75 years old: 22.91-42.93 mg). In addition, baechu-kimchi is the most contributed to the calcium intake in kimchi group (50-64 years old: 35.10-41.47 mg, 65-74 years old: 29.62-34.96 mg, over 75 years old: 23.79-29.13 mg). In conclusion, various source of calcium needs to be recommended to increase intake calcium in over 50 years, which may reduce chronic diseases and improve quality of life.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.107-129
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to understand features of the present condition of green tea food by analyzing the data on tea foods presented in Korean literature after the 1990's (two articles from professional journals related to tea culture, and three books related to tea food). The main conclusions are as follows: 1. It is found from separating 354 different kinds of green tea foods into three categories - main dishes, side dishes and desserts - that there are 137 kinds of side dishes, 123 kinds of desserts, and 94 kinds of main dishes from green tea foods. Upon dividing these into smaller categories, there are 40 rice dishes, 27 noodle dishes, 18 gruel dishes and 9 dumpling dishes found among the main dishes; 26 pan fried dishes, 24 potherb/cooked potherbs dishes, 17 deep-fried dishes, 15 soup/broth dishes, 14 grilled dishes, 11 smothered dishes, 10 hard -boiled/fried dishes, 6 kimchi dishes, 4 dried food dishes, 4 jelly dishes, 4 stew dishes, and 2 raw fish dishes among the side dishes; and 37 snack dishes, 36 punch/drink dishes, 26 rice cake dishes, and 24 bread dishes are found among the desserts. 2. There are 201 kinds of green tea foods using powders, 107 kinds using wet tea leaves, 61 kinds using dry tea leaves, 57 kinds using water of drawn tea, and 17 kinds using wild tea leaves, according to analysis of teas used for green tea foods. There is more use of powder for snacks, punch and drinks, rice cakes, noodles, and breads, and more use of wet tea leaves for rice, pan fried food, and potherb/cooked potherb dishes. It is also shown that there is more use of water from drawn tea for rice, punch and drinks, noodles, and gruels, more use of dry tea leaves for snack, rice, breads, and more use of wild tea leaves for deep-fried and pan fried kinds of tea foods.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.9-21
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• 2002

This study was investigated traditional food utilization actual conditions of Gwangju and Chollanamdo. Frequency of main meal ice plain white rice, boiled rice and cereals, bean-mixed rice, gruel Dakjuk, winter squash porridge, sesame porridge, noodles by noodles cut out with a kitchen knife, noodles with assorted mixtures, soup with dough flakes order frequency much have. Soup ate much beanpaste soup, soup cooked with dried radish leaves, seaweed soup, broth by power-pot soup, hot shredded beef soup, loach soup order. Pot stew soybean paste stew and kimchi stew, beef casserole bean curd beef casserole and small octopus beef casserole often eat. Kimchi ate much cabbage kimchi, radish kimchi, radish cube kimchi, dish of dried slices of radish by sesame leaf dish of dried slices of radish, pickled garlics, Maneuljjong dish of dried slices of radish order. Salted sea foods that eat often were salted anchovies, tiny salted shrimps, Gejang order, and soy sauce were toenjang, korean hot pepper paste, bean-paste soup prepared with around fermented soy beans order, and laver fried kelp, tangle fried kelp, green perilla leaf fried kelp order to fried kelp, and it was bean sprouts, bracken herbs, fragrant edible wild aster herbs order to herbs. It is Ssukgatmuchim, squid debt saliva, Jabanmuchim's order that season, hard-boiled food is beef boiled in soy sauce, mackerel radish hard-boiled food, order of bean curd hard-boiled food, panbroiling ate often by order of Kimchi panbroiling, red pepper anchovy panbroiling, pork panbroiling. Steamed dish is egg steamed dish, fish steamed dish, steamed short-ribs order, fried fish egg speech, by Gimchijeon, Pajeon order, meat roasted with seasoning ate often by laver meat roasted with seasoning, hair-tail meat roasted with seasoning, mackerel meat roasted with seasoning order. Minced raw meat are small octopus raw that live, beef dish of minced raw beef, Hongeohoe order, rice cake is cake made from g1u1ions rice, Seolgitteok, songpyon order, dessert ate often by fermented rice Punch, cinnamon flavored persimmon punch, Kangjung order.