• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.547-553
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• 2017

Treatment of food waste is becoming a big issue due to their significant quantities. Composting could be an effective alternative for food waste management which could be used as soil conditioner or fertilizer with little concerns about heavy metals and pathogens. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of food waste on Chinese cabbage growth and soil properties. 9 different treatments (two livestock manures, two food wastes, two livestock manures + chemical fertilizer, two food wastes + chemical fertilizer, and control) were applied to Chinese cabbage. All treatments were carried out in 3 replicates. We measured leaf length, leaf width, fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf greenness of Chinese cabbage. Treatment of one of food waste composts significantly increased leaf length and leaf width of Chinese cabbage by 28.6, 26.6, 67.7, and 59.9%, respectively, in comparison to those of control, while no significant differences for leaf greenness were shown. Application of food waste compost resulted in significant increase of EC, available $P_2O_5$, CEC, organic matter, and exchangeable cations. However, further researches are needed to reduce NaCl content of food waste.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 1996

Korean cabbage waste is produced in huge amounts in the process of dealing, and most of them are discarded imposing burden on our environment. In case of Garakdong agricultural and marine market in Seoul, the daily average amount of Korean cabbage waste is estimated more than 355ton(64.1% of the overall amount in waste occurrence). Recycling the cabbage waste is important for the protection of environment and reuse of waste materials. We examined the present situation of occurrence of the cabbage wastes, normal properties of the dietary fiber, and the conversion of high value-added dietary fiber from the cabbage wastes. As a result of examination of the content of dietary fiber in Korean cabbage waste, we found that the dietary fiber content(2.5%) was higher than the known value(0.7%), and that in the process of extraction of dietary fiber, there was no significant difference between the samples added with amylase and protease compared to control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.794-799
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• 1997

The effective fermentation methods of Kimchi juice for utilization of outer layer of Chinese cabbage, an waste of Kimchi industry were studied. The Kimchi juice prepared with brining and grinding the waste of Chinese cabbage and addition of spices was fermented at $25^{\circ}C$. Addition of 5$^{\circ}C$15% fermented Kimchi juice of pH 5.4 at initial stage and pH 4.4 at middle state resulted in a significant increase in fermentation rate and solid content after 12 hours of fermentation. The combined method of enzymatic hydrolysis(0.1% viscozyme) of the brined and ground cabbage and addition of 2.0% NaCl, 1.0% sucrose and 10% fermented juice of pH 5.4 first and 4.4 during fermentation, respectively resulted in more rapid fermentation. The solid concentration was 5 times higher than control at maximum point and acidic and total flavor intensity were also significantly high.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Reuse of waste nutrient solution for the cultivation of crops could lead to considerable conservation of water resources, plant nutrients, and water quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential for reducing the use of chemical fertilizer in Chinese cabbage cultivation via the reuse of waste nutrient solution as an alternative irrigation resource. METHODS AND RESULTS: The nutrients supplied in the waste nutrient solution consisted of 1474.5, 1285.1, 991.6, and 872.6 mg/L for $K+$, ${NO_3}^-$, $Ca^{2+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$, respectively. At 56 days after transplanting (DAT), the leaf length of Chinese cabbage plants irrigated with the waste nutrient solution treatment was significantly higher than that of plants irrigated using a conventional groundwater treatment. Additionally, the leaf width, fresh weight and dry weight of the plants irrigated with the waste nutrient solution were similar or greater than that of plants irrigated with a conventional treatment. Furthermore, the growth of plants treated with the waste nutrient solution +25% fertilizer was the highest among all tested treatments. CONCLUSION(s): These results indicate that the waste nutrient solution can be used as an alternate water resource for crop cultivation. In addition, it can contribute to reduce the fertilizer and to obtain the higher crop yield of Chinese cabbage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2023

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from kimchi (a traditional Korean dish typically made of fermented cabbage) can provide various health benefits, including anti-obesity, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. In this study, we examined the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WiKim0125 cultured in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium containing vegetable waste. Live bacterial cells were eliminated via supernatant filtration or heat treatment. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from culture broth containing kimchi cabbage waste (KCW), cabbage waste (CW), or onion waste (OW) showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against skin pathogens (Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus) and foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium), with inhibition zones ranging between 4.4 and 8.5 mm, compared to that in conventional MRS medium (4.0-7.3 mm). In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, both supernatant and heat-inactivated Lb. plantarum WiKim0125 from culture media containing KCW and CW suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines (72.8% and 49.6%, respectively) and nitric oxide (62.2% and 66.7%, respectively) without affecting cell viability. These results indicate that vegetable waste can potentially increase the antimicrobial and immunoregulatory potency of LAB while presenting a molecular basis for applying postbiotics to health products.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2015

Livestock waste compost tea is a liquid extract of compost obtained by mixing livestock compost. In this study, some chemical and microbiological characteristics of compost tea depending on the kind of raw materials used were examined, and several experiments to investigate the practical effects on Chinese cabbage cultivation were conducted. This experiment showed that livestock composts needed to be added into aerated water at the ratio between 1:100 and 1:10 (1 part compost to 10~100 parts water) to produce the high quality compost tea. Compost teas must be aerated more than 24 to 48 hours to be able to support aerobic organisms. In cultivation test with compost teas, swine manure compost teas were made by the extracting ratio of 50x, in the aerated condition for 24 hours in water and oil cake in the extracting ratio of 100x were added as supplements. Following the input of oil cake, the concentration of nitrogen and aerobic bacteria increased. Another experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different swine manure compost teas on plant growth and yield of Chinese cabbage. The fresh yield of Chinese cabbage was higher in the fertigated plots by compost tea with oil cake compared to those of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ fertilization plot with chemical fertilizer by soil test recommendation (Fert. NPK). The effect of compost tea on growth of Chinese cabbage was largely attributable to the increased number of microorganisms as well as nutrients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2012

This study investigated the lipid profiles for the possible improving activity of insoluble dietary fiber extracted from cabbage waste discarded during kimchi manufacture and market distribution. Enzyme-treated Insoluble Dietary Fiber (EIDF) is the remnants of crude dietary fiber (CDF) treated by ${\alpha}$-amylase, protease, and amyloglucosidase after removal of soluble materials from cabbage waste. The insoluble dietary fiber of CDF and EIDF in cabbage waste was $65.33{\pm}0.33%$ and $73.57{\pm}0.09%$, respectively. To examine the effects of EIDF on plasma cholesterol concentration, two group of rats were fed either a high fat diet (HFD) or a HFD containing 0.1~1.0% EIDF for 4 weeks. The body weight of all groups was not significantly different (p<0.05) but the body weight of EIDF+HFD groups was less than that of the HFD group (p<0.1). Compared with the HFD group, EIDF also lowered serum levels of total triglycerides to 11.2~23.3% and cholesterol to 26.8~28.5%. In EIDF+HFD groups, the HDL-cholesterol level increased by 7.2~26.1%, while LDL-cholesterol especially decreased by 51.0~61.4% and VLDL-cholesterol by 16.9~26.4%. The atherogenic index of EIDF+HFD groups was also reduced twice that of the HFD group. From these results, EIDF from cabbage waste could be a potential effective food ingredient for improving lipid profiles.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2009

Water shortages are expected to be a major impact of climate change. This study examined the growth of Chinese cabbage seedling using reclaimed wastewater and waste nutrient solution as alternative irrigation resources. Generally, the concentration of nutrients, such as $K^+$, $NH_4^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$,$NO_3^-$, $PO_4^-$ and $SO_4^{2-}$, in waste nutrient solution was higher than that in wastewater. However, Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with wastewater was supplied a higher concentration of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ than waste nutrient solution. The growth of Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with waste nutrient solution was similar or higher than those irrigated with groundwater as control, while the growth of those irrigated with wastewater was similar to those irrigated with groundwater. The total nitrogen uptake in Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with groundwater, waste nutrient solution from organic and inorganic hydroponic cultures, and wastewater was 5.47, 10.02, 5.20, and 4.59 mg/plant, respectively. The nitrogen uptake of Chinese cabbage seedling irrigated with waste nutrient solution from organic hydroponic substrates in a 50% lower dose than recommended was 8.34 mg/plant, which is higher than that of the cabbage irrigated with groundwater. Overall, the results suggest that waste nutrient solution and wastewater can be used as alternate water resources, and can allow a reduction in the amount of fertilizer needed to raise Chinese cabbage seedling.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.373-380
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• 2001

In recent years, the demand of activated carbon has been increasing steadily because of the environmental problems. Among them waste and water treatment and removal of poisonous gas were invorved. Therefore, in this study, activated carbon was made from the waste chinese cabbage and measured the iodine adsorption ability, carbonization yield, and activation yield of the produced activated carbon. The result showed that the carbonization yield was decreased when carbonization temperature was increaed and that the optimal carbonization temperature was $600{\circ}C$. The optimal concentration of NaOH for removing ash in the raw sample was 1~2N. The range of iodine adsorption number of activated carbon using chinese cabbage at $600{\circ}C$. carbonization was 610.82mg/g to 1019.58mg/g. The activation result of carbonization sample showed that the optimal activation condition was the carbonization at $400\circ}C$ and the activation at$700{\circ}C$. So the production of activated carbon using chinese cabbage was possible in the aspect of reuse of resource and decrease of environmental pollution compared to the commercial activated carbon.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2003

This study was conducted to find out the effect of a lime stabilized slaughterhouse waste(LSW) on the growth of chinese cabbage and soil pH. Two levels of the lime stabilized slaughterhouse waste treatment, 169 and $338kg\;10a^{-1}$, with N-P-K fertilization were tested, and treatments of N-P-K and N-P-K with slaked lime were included in the experiment as a control. Fresh weight of chinese cabbage at harvest was not significantly different among the treatments. However, in the LSW treatment of $169kg\;10a^{-1}$, fresh weight of chinese cabbage was 5% higher comparing to the N-P-K treatment. Contents of N, P, and K in chinese cabbage were higher in the LSW treatments in comparison to the control treatments. Competitive inhibition of Mg uptake by Ca in the treatments of LSW and lime was apparent. Soil pH was increased by the application of LSW, and the increase in the LSW treatment of $169kg\;10a^{-1}$ was nearly the same as the soil pH increase in the slaked lime treatment. The lime stabilized slaughterhouse waste can be considered as a potential soil amendment for amelioration of soil acidity and supply of organic matter as well.