• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2017

In this study, we tried to establish the best method for fresh blueberry beverage production using enzyme treatment as well as low temperature extraction. During extraction of physiologically functional materials, we used low temperature to prevent nutritional loss by heat. In addition, we investigated optimal blueberry extraction conditions using various enzyme treatments (cellulase, pectinase, cellulase:pectinase (1:1) mixture) to increase extraction efficiency and reduce turbidity. A variety and ratio of enzymes, extraction temperature, extraction time, and shaking speed were considered for the best extraction efficiency rate. We observed high extraction efficiency rates of 85.72-86.55% and 87.06-87.93%, respectively, upon cellulase or pectinase treatment. In addition, a mixture of cellulase:pectinase (1:1) showed an extraction efficiency rate of 86.84-88.14%. The best extraction efficiency rate was observed when crude blueberry was treated at $45^{\circ}C$ (87.91%), for 3 h (87.88%), in a 90 rpm shaker (89.19%). Sugar content and acidity of blueberry extract were not affected by the various treatments. However, total phenolic compounds were detected upon pectinase treatment (18.62 mg/g). Only fructose and glucose as free sugars were found in all samples regardless of treatments and extraction conditions.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.535-547
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• 2015

In this study, the chemical properties and phenolic compound of blueberry, bokbunja and mulberry and their pomace were determined to develop them as functional food materials. Water content of individual whole berry was ranged from 84.25-86.20%, and water content was significantly high in whole berries rather than their pomace (p<0.01). Additionally, each berry and its pomace's pH was 3.32-5.18. Among them, whole mulberry showed the highest pH which is 5.18 (p<0.01). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were the greatest in blueberry pomace and they were 24.81 mg/g and 2.13 mg/g, respectively (p<0.01). However, mulberry pomace generated the greatest anthocyanin content compared to others (p<0.01). In phenolic compound profiles, cyanin chloride was detected in mulberry and bokbunja. Epigallocatechin, gallocatechin and isorhamnetin were found only in blueberry. Catechin (hydrate) and epicatechin were greater in pomaces than whole berries except blueberry (p<0.01), otherwise, significantly great rutin (trihydrate) and quercetin contents were found in whole berries as compared to their pomace except blueberry (p<0.01). Gallic acid was significantly greatest in mulberry (p<0.01) and quercetin 3-D-galactoside was significantly greatest in blueberry (p<0.01). Apigenin and luteolin were traced in mulberry, and mulberry pomace showed greater apigenin and luteolin contents than whole mulberry (p<0.01). Naringenin was greater in pomaces than whole berries (p<0.01). As a result, it was found that all berry extracts used in this study were able to be applied as functional food materials and their pomace contained high phenolic compound enough to be a good source of phytochemical for nutraceutical use.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.393-398
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• 2020

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an emerging pest on cultivated blueberries in Korea. To develop a sensitive tool for monitoring this pest in blueberry orchards, we compared the attractiveness of host plant volatiles and sex pheromone to D. oxycoccana adults. We performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-collected volatiles that were released from blueberry ('Darrow' cultivar). The analysis revealed two major volatiles, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol from flowers; and three major volatiles, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and α-farnesene from shoots and young fruits. In field tests conducted in Gunsan, Korea in 2019, commercialized cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, β-caryophyllene, and α-farnesene, used singly or in quaternary combination, were unattractive to the blueberry gall midge. However, traps baited with the known sex pheromone (2R,14R)-2,14-diacetoxyheptadecane attracted significantly more males than the treatments with plant volatiles or the control. No synergistic effect was observed between sex pheromone and plant volatiles. Male D. oxycoccana were captured in the pheromone traps from May to August, with three peaks in mid-May, late June, and late July in Gunsan blueberry fields in 2020.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins, potential health-promoting compounds, were major natural pigment in the blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The objectives of this study was to investigate anthocyanin glycosides in the blueberry varieties.METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of seventeen anthocyanins were identified from highbush blueberry using HPLC (representatives, 530 nm) and ESI-MS in positive ion mode. The individual anthocyanins are containing cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin moieties which are acylated with aliphatic acid (acetic acid) and conjugated with sugar moieties (arabinose, galactose, and glucose). Among them, delphinidin 3-O-galactoside (D3Ga), peonidin 3-O-glucoside (Pn3G) + malvidin 3-O-galactoside (M3Ga) were major compounds in varieties. Total anthocyanins were found the highest level in 'Elizabeth' (1,406.3 mg/100 g dry weight) which was 3-fold higher than 'Darrow' (465.7). Especially, D3Ga was presented the 32% of total anthocyanins followed by Pn3G + M3Ga (20%) in 'Elizabeth'.CONCLUSION: This result was showed as valuable information regarding nutritional properties of the different varieties of the highbush blueberry.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.213-216
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• 2011

Gray mold symptoms were frequently observed on green twigs, blossoms, leaves, and fruits of blueberry trees grown in greenhouses in Cheongyang, Dangjin, Daejeon, and Jeju during disease survey in eight locations of Korea from 2007 to 2010. The disease symptoms were not observed in the fields of the other locations investigated. The disease incidence ranged 1~30% in the greenhouses investigated. A total of 27 single spore isolates of Botrytis species were obtained from the gray mold symptoms, and all the isolates were identified as Botrytis cinerea based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Four isolates of the fungus were tested for pathogenicity to leaves of four varieties of blueberry trees by artificial inoculation with conidial suspensions. All the tested isolates caused gray mold symptoms on the leaves, which were similar to those observed in the greenhouses. This is the first report that B. cinerea causes gray mold of blueberry trees grown in greenhouses in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Rabbiteye blueberry(Vaccinium ashei Reade) has low nutrient uptake efficiency due to its shallow and fibrous root system without root hairs. This study was carried out to establish an efficient nutrient application standard by investigating the effect of nitrogen fertigation on the growth and fruit characteristics of rabbiteye blueberry. METHODS AND RESULTS: 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry was treated with 0, 50, 100 and 200% nitrogen fertigation of recommended fertilizer application (6, 9 and 14 g/bush in the first, second and third years, respectively). The results showed that leaf nitrogen content significantly correlated with the fruit weight and fruit yield. However, canopy area, dry weight, sugar and anthocyanin contents did not correlate significantly with the leaf nitrogen content. The leaf and stem dry weights of 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry during the third year of planting were the highest with 50% nitrogen fertigation (leaf dry weight=723.7 g/bush; stem dry weight=890.7 g/bush). Maximum fruit yield of 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry (12.9 kg/bush) was observed during the third year of planting with 50% nitrogen fertigation and this was about 70% greater than the treatment that received no nitrogen fertigation. The fruit yields of 'Brightwell' rabbiteye blueberry during the third year of planting treated with 100 and 200% nitrogen fertigation were 11.0 and 11.5 kg/bush, and these were 17 and 12%lower than the 50% nitrogen fertigation treatment, respectively. Further, the efficiency of nitrogen utilization was the highest (90%) with 50% nitrogen fertigation and lowest (18%) with 200% nitrogen fertigation. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggests that fertigation with 50% of the recommended fertilizer could be most effective for enhancing the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of rabbiteye blueberry.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to identify and compare the main phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids) in blueberry and black raspberry cultivated in Korea using ultra-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-nine flavonoids were identified by comparison of ultraviolet and mass spectra with data in a chemical library and published data. Blueberry contained flavonols including kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, and syringetin aglycones. Isorhamnetin 3-O-robinobioside, kaempferol 3-O-(6"-O-acetyl)glucoside, quercetin, quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside (avicularin), quercetin 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl) glucoside, and quercetin 3-O-robinobioside were detected for the first time in blueberry. The flavonoids in raspberry consisted of quercetin aglycone and its glycosides. The mean total flavonoid content in blueberry [143.0 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)] was 1.5-times that in raspberry (95.4 mg/100 g DW). The most abundant flavonoid in blueberry was quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperoside, up to 76.1 mg/100 g DW) and that in raspberry was quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (miquelianin, up to 55.5 mg/100 g DW). Miquelianin was not detected in blueberry. CONCLUSION: Flavonol glycosides were the main flavonoids in blueberry and black raspberry cultivated in Korea. The composition and contents of flavonoids differed between blueberry and black raspberry, and may be affected by the cultivar and cultivation conditions.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.52-53
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• 2011

Gray mold of blueberry caused by Botrytis sp. is reported for the first time in Korea. A detailed description of the fungus is given, along with its rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence. The fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea based on mycological characteristics and molecular data.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Purpose: Fruit and vegetable juices are known to be rich sources of antioxidants, which have beneficial effects on diseases caused by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the antioxidant activities of fruit and vegetable juices marketed in Korea. Methods: We analyzed four fruit juices, two vegetable juices, two yellow-green juices, and six mixed vegetable juices. Antioxidant activities were analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) test, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Protective effects against DNA damage were determined using an ex vivo comet assay with human lymphocytes. Results: DPPH radical scavenging activities were in the following order: blueberry juice > mixed vegetable C juice > kale juice > mixed vegetable P juice > grape juice. ABTS radical scavenging activities were in the following order: blueberry juice > mixed vegetable C juice > grape juice > mixed vegetable P juice > kale juice. Peroxyl radical scavenging activities as assessed by ORAC assay were in the following order: blueberry juice > kale juice > mixed vegetable C juice > grape juice. Grape or blueberry juice showed strong abilities to prevent DNA damage in lymphocytes, and the difference between them was not significant according to the GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype. Conclusion: Antioxidant activities of fruit and vegetable juices and ex vivo DNA protective activity increased in the order of blueberry juice, grape juice, and kale juice, although the rankings were slightly different. Therefore, these juices rich in polyphenols and flavonoids deserve more attention for their high antioxidant capacity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.161-164
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• 2014

To establish the pre-freezing treatment and to secure microbial safety of blueberry, Korean raspberry, and mulberry, the effects of chemical sanitizers on the populations of microorganisms in the berries were examined. Among the treatments, the combined treatment of 50 ppm aqueous chlorine dioxide and 0.1% fumaric acid reduced most the populations of total aerobic bacteria in the blueberry, Korean raspberry, and mulberry by 2.56, 2.26, and 2.56 log CFU/g, respectively, compared to the control. The populations of yeast and mold in the blueberry, Korean raspberry, and mulberry by the combined treatment were also reduced by 2.24, 2.08, and 1.49 log CFU/g, respectively. These results suggest that the combined treatment can be useful for reducing the microbial contamination and maintaining the quality of frozen berries.