• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.71-102
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• 2007

There were many comprehensive analyses conducted within the existing research activities wherein factors affecting technology progress including investment in R&D vis-${\Box}$-vis their influences act as the determinants of TFP. Note, however, that there were few comprehensive analysis in the industrial research performed regarding the impact of the economy of scale as it affects TFP; most of these research studies dealt with the analysis of the non -parametric Malmquist productivity index or used the stochastic frontier production function models. No comprehensive analysis on the impacts of individual independent variables affecting TFP was performed. Therefore, this study obtained the TFP increase rate of each industry by analyzing the factors of the existing growth accounting equation and comprehensively analyzed the TFP determinants by constructing a comprehensive analysis model considering the investment in R&D and economy of scale (smallness by industry) as the influencers of TFP by industry. First, for the TFP increase rate of the 15 industries as a whole, the annual average increase rate for 1993${\sim}$ 1997 was approximately 3.8% only; during 1999${\sim}$ 2000 following the foreign exchange crisis, however, the annual increase rate rose to approximately 7.8%. By industry, the annual average increase rate of TFP between 1993 and 2000 stood at 11.6%, the highest in the electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing business and IT manufacturing sector. In contrast, a -0.4% increase rate was recorded in the furniture and other product manufacturing sectors. In the case of the service industry, the TFP increase rate was 7.3% in the transportation, warehousing, and communication sectors. This is much higher than the 2.9% posted in the electricity, water, and gas sectors and -3.7% recorded in the wholesale, food, and hotel businesses. The results of the comprehensive analysis conducted on the determinants of TFP showed that the correlations between R&D and TFP in general were positive (+) correlations whose significance has yet to be validated; in the model where the self-employed and unpaid family workers were used as proxy variables indicating the smallness of industry out of the total number of workers, however, significant negative (-) correlations were noted. On the other hand, the estimation factors of variables surrogating the smallness of scale in each industry showed that a consistently high "smallness of scale" in an industry means a decrease in the increase rate of TFP in the same industry.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.212-228
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• 1993

A chenier, about 860 m long, 30 to 60 m wide and 0.6∼1.6 m high, occurs on the upper muddy tidal flat in the Gomso bay, western coast of Korea, It consists of medium to fine sands and shells with small amounts of subangular gravels. Vertical sections across the chenier show gently landward dipping stratifications which include small-scale cross-bedded sets. the most probable source of the chenier is considered to be the intertidal sandy sediments. Vibracores taken along a line transversing the tidal flat reveal that the intertidal sand deposits are more than 5 m thick near the low-water line and become thinner toward the chenier. The most sand deposits are undertrain by tidal muds which occur behind the chenier as salt marsh deposits. C-14 age dating suggests that the sand deposits and the chenier are younger than about 1,800 years B.P. The chenier has originated from the intertidal sand shoals at the lower to mid sand flat, and has continuously moved landward. A series of aerial photographs (1967∼1989) reveal that intertidal sand shoals (predecessor of the western part of chenier) on the mid flat have continuously moved landward during the past two decades and ultimately attached to the eastern part of the chenier already anchored at the present position in the late 1960s. Repeated measurements (four times between 1991 and 1992) of morphological changes of the chenier indicate that the eastern two thirds of the chenier, mostly above the mean high water, has rarely moved whereas the western remainder below the mean high water, has moved continuously at a rate of 0.5 m/mo during the last two years (1991∼1992). This displacement rate has been considerably accelerated up to 1.0 m/mo in winter, and during a few days of typhoon in the summer of 1992 the displacement amounted to about 8∼11 m/mo for the entire chenier. these facts suggest that macro-tidal currents, coupled with winter-storm waves and infrequent strong typhoons, should play a major role for the formation and migration of chenier after 1,800 B.P., when the sea level already rose to the present position and thereafter remained constant.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate changes of hemolymph count, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase: CAT and superoxide dismutase: SOD) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA in hemolymph, hepatopancreas and gill of abalone (Haliotis sieboldii) exposed to various water temperatures. Abalones were exposed to 10, 15, 20, 25 or $30^{\circ}C$ for 0, 6, 12, 24 or 48 hours. Survival rate of abalone was 100% at 10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, but 0% at $30^{\circ}C$. Hemolymph counts increased at lower water temperatures (10 and $15^{\circ}C$) and decreased at $30^{\circ}C$. SOD activity decreased immediately after exposure to lower or higher water temperatures compared to the control ($20^{\circ}C$) with an exception at $30^{\circ}C$ where the activity increased. At lower temperatures, SOD activity rose high after 24 hours, but decreased again at 48 hours. At $25^{\circ}C$, it decreased compared to the control. CAT activity decreased immediately after exposure to 10 or $25^{\circ}C$ compared to the control, and then was recovered to the initial level after increment. At $15^{\circ}C$, CAT activity was high after 6 hours, and then was recovered to the initial level after increment. At $30^{\circ}C$, the activity decreased throughout the experiment. The HSP70 mRNA expression in gill increased at lower temperatures compared to the control ($20^{\circ}C$) and $25^{\circ}C$. In this study, rapid change of wale, temperature caused stress response in abalone which had been raised at $20^{\circ}C$. At molecular level, HSP70 was expressed rapidly, but antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were expressed later than HSP70. At 15 and $25^{\circ}C$ of water temperatures, the HSP70, SOD and CAT expression were stable with time. However, at $30^{\circ}C$, all abalone died possibly because they could not develop resistance to high temperature.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2017

Objective of this research was to investigate the influence of pre-plant nitrogen levels in root media on plug seedling growth of radish cv. Soksungbommu. To achieve the research purpose, a root medium, the mixture of perlite, coir dust, and peatmoss (volume percentage of 30:35:35) was formulated and the N levels incorporated during mixing were controlled to 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Then, the seeds were sown into 72-cell plug trays in which the root medium was packed. The measurements of growth and analysis of tissue and root media were conducted 2 and 4 weeks after sowing. Elevation of pre-plant N levels raised EC and turned down pH of root media. But, as seedling grew, the pH rose and EC get lowered in all treatments. The EC as well as $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ concentrations of root media declined gradually until week 2, but those declined sharply between weeks 2 to 4. The seedling growth 2 weeks after sowing showed quadratic response to pre-plant N levels with the highest growth in $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment and lagging growth in the treatments of lower or higher N levels than $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The seedling growth 4 weeks after sowing showed also quadratic response with the highest growth in $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment. The tissue N contents were get higher and those of K, Ca, and Mg were get lower as pre-plant N levels were elevated. Above results suggest that lower than $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in pre-plant N levels is optimistic for growth of plug seedling and avoidance of toxic injury in very young stage.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.43
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• pp.285-320
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• 2016

Cartoons and Animation are convergent arts created with a composite application of language arts described in the form of literary texts and sounds, plastic arts visualized in the form of artistic paintings, and film arts produced in the form of moving pictures. An academic university major in cartoons and animation studies established in late 20th century however, did not satisfactorily meet the needs in academic research and development and the free expression of artistic creation was limited. In order to systematize the major in cartoons and animation studies, an convergent approach to establish and clarify following are in demand : the terms and definitions, the historical developments, the research areas and methods, the major education and related jobs and start-ups. New culture and arts industries including cartoons, animation, moving images, and games contents are not yet listed in the industries listing service jointly provided online by the portal site Naver.com and Hyung-Seol publishing company. Above all, cartoons and animation are inseparably related to each other that even if one uses the term separately and independently, the meaning may not be complete. So a new combined term "Animatoon" can be established for the major in cartoons and animation studies and also used for its degree with concentrations of cartoons, animation, moving images, games, and etc. In the Introduction, a new combined term Animatoon is defined and explained the use of this term as the name of the major and degree in cartoons and animation studies. In the body, first, the Historical Developments classified Animatoon in the ancient times, the medieval times, and the modern times and they are analyzed with the help of esthetics and arts using examples of mural frescos, animal painting, religion cartoons, caricatures, cartoons, satire cartoons, comics, animation, 2 or 3 dimensional webtoons, and K-toons. Second, the Research Areas of Animatoon reviewed the theories, genres, artworks, and artists and the Research Methods of Animatoon presented the curriculum that integrated the courses in humanities, science technologies, culture and arts, and etc. Third, the Major Education considered Animatoon education in children, young adults, students of the major and the Related Jobs and Start-Ups explored various jobs relating to personal creation of artwork and collective production of business-oriented artwork. In the Conclusion, the current challenges of Animatoon considered personalization of the artists, specialization of the contents, diversification of the types, and liberalization of the art creation. And the direction of improvement advocated Animatoon to be an academic field of study, to be an art, to be a culture, and to be an industry. The importance of cartoons and animation along with videos and games rose in the 21st century. In order for cartoons and animation to take a leading role, make efforts in studying Animatoon academically and also in developing Animatoon as good contents in the cultural industries.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 1968

During a period of about one year(November '66 to December '67), the Yonsei University College of Medicine conducted a field trial of the oral contraceptive(Ovulen) in order to study its acceptability and use-effectiveness among IUD drop-outs in Koyang county. We can summarize the outstanding findings from this investigation as follows; 1. 61.4% of the IUD drop-outs interviewed (911 women) wanted to use the pill. Most of the reasons for not wanting to use it(352 women) pertained to either use of other contraceptive methods(98) or subfecundity(150) following IUD terminations. Only 83 out of 911 women gave reasons related to the difficulty of obtaining pills. Therefore, we can state that most IUD drop-outs if still in need of a contraceptive methods are in favor of trying the pill, and especially so if this method is conveniently available. 2. The 467 women or 37% of those who terminated IUD use actually visited the clinic for medical screening, and only 11 of them or 2.4% were rejected because of pregnancy and other medical reasons such as cervical erosion, myoma, breast mass, etc. 5.5% or 25 of the 456 women who received the first cycle did not take a single pill during the study period. 3. When we defined those 431 women who accepted and took one or more tablets we found that women over age 30, with 4 or more children, and/or with a higher educational level were the best prospects for recruitment. 4. In accuracy of use, about two thirds of the users started taking the pill on the 5 th day as directed for the first three cycles, but the percentages rose sharply to about 80% in later cycles. Tardiness in starting pill use in the first cycle may have occurred partly because they had to return to the clinic monthly to get each new cycle. Among acceptors who did not quit between cycles, 80 to 90% were regular users, missing two or less tablets in each cycle. 5) More than 60% of the users felt well and sometimes lost their pre-acceptance symptoms. especially dysmenorrhea. However, 27.4% (58 women) had side effects attributable to the pill compund as nausea, vomiting, indigestion, breast tenderness, decreased lactation or breakthrough bleeding. 25.0% (53 women) also complained of medical diseases or symptoms not related to the pill, especially during the first three cycles. However, as the confidence and experience of the client and the field workers grew, the incidence of unrelated medical complaints quickly fell to a lower level in the later cycles. 6. As of the end of this study, on December 31, 1967, 49.2% (212 women) had discontinued the use of the pill for medical reasons as well as for the non medical reasons. Only one case terminated use due to a pregnancy after taking pills. The cumulative continuation rates (by the life table method), were 58.9%, 51.9%, 41.0% at the end of 3 months, 6 months and one year, respectively. These rates are lower than in the U.S. studies. Even when we add the retaking group to the first segment, the continuation rate goes up only about 5% above the first segment rates mentioned above. Possible explanations are different dosages, the newerness of the method and the use of only one point for pill distribution in the country together with a monthly return for cycle 1, 2, 3, and 4-6.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.576-582
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• 2003

During the Off-Pump Coronary Arterial Bypass surgery (OPCAB), the manipulation of the heart can depress cardiac contractility and cause hemodynamic instability. In this study, hemodynamic parameters were measured during operation and the laboratory and clinical data were investigated to evaluate their effects on postoperative outcome. Material and Method: From March 2001 to August 2002, 50 consecutive patients who underwent OPCAB were included in this study. During the same period, total number of CABG was 71 The blood pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and cardiac index were measured before manipulation, after application of stabilizer, and at the end of anastomosis. Postoperatively, we measured the cardiac enzymes such as CK-MB, troponin 1 and checked the amount of inotropes required, chest tube drainage, the amount of transfusion, duration of ventilator support, and duration of ICU stay. Result: The number of mean distal anastomoses was 2.8$\pm$0.9 per patient. On elevation and stabilization of the heart, systolic blood pressure was depressed and pulmonary artery pressure was elevated significantly, but during each anastomosis no significant changes were detected. The peak level of cardiac markers was 29.2$\pm$46.7 for CK-MB, 0.69$\pm$0.86 for troponin 1 on postoperative day f. Among the intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, the ischemic change of EKG and bolus injection of inotropes significantly affected the posteroperative cardiac enzymes. But, no difference other than the level of cardiac enzymes between the two groups with or without the ischemic change of EKG and bolus injection of inotropes was noticed. Conclusion: The significant hemodynamic changes occurred when the heart was elevated and stabilized, however during anastomoses there were no significant changes. Serum cardiac enzymes rose significantly in the group that showed the ischemic charge of EKG or needed the bolus injection of inotropes for maintaining hemodynamic stability intraoperatively, but it did not affect the postoperative outcome. In conclusion, the ischemic change of EKG and the need for bolus injection of intropes during operation may be very indicative for probable ischemia.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2007

Gonad index (GI), conditon index, the reproductive cycle with gonadal development of the Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica cumingii, were investigated histologically, based on the samples which have been collected from the subtidal zone of Oeyeondo, Boryeong, Korea from January to December, 2006. Neptunea (Barbitonia) arthritica cumingii is dioecious and oviparous. Monthly changes in the gonad index (GI), studied for determination of spawning period, were closely associated with gonad developmental phases. The GI reached a maximum in April, and gradually decreased from May to August due to spawning. The gonadsomatic index and condition index showed similar patterns to gonad developmental phases and the spawning period. The reproductive cycle according to gonad developmental phases of this species can be classified into five successive stages in females and males: in females, early active stage (September to October), late active stage (November to February), ripe stage (February to June), partially spawned stage (May to August) and recovery stage (June to August); in males, the early active stage (September to October), late active stage (November to February), ripe stage (February to June), copulation (April to July), and recovery stage (July to August). Spawning occurred between May to August in females and April to July in males, and spawning peak in females was observed between June and July when the seawater temperature rose to above $19^{\circ}C$. Percentages of first sexual maturity of female and male snails ranging from $50.1{\sim}60.0\;mm$ in shell height were over 50%, and 100% for snails over 60.1 mm in shell height. The sex ratios of females to males were not significantly different from a 1:1 sex ratio.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2010

Recently, the treatment of dead poultry has become more important issue because, the infected poultry, which was buried under the ground, causes environmental contaminations such as steep water and reek occurrence, etc. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the type of treatment and the composting methods influencing to the characteristics on decomposition and fermentative disinfection of dead poultry with poultry manure and sawdust. The results of the port tests showed that amputated poultry treated by the cut-sterilization were not only more decomposed, with less smell compared to the non-treated poultry carcass. When we treated thermophilic microorganism such as bacillus in this amputated poultry, the temperature of treated poultry increased much fester, the fermentation temperature didn't rise and not maintained constantly for long time due to the small size of the fermentation port. On the other hand, we did fermentation test by the layered disposal method with more poultry. In this experiment, the temperature of fermented poultry rose to $54^{\circ}C$ in a day and maintained around $55^{\circ}C$ during four weeks period. With less odor outside the experiment room. further. Also, we inoculated AI virus, ND virus in the excrement for studying the effect of fermentative disinfection. The result of the test revealed that AI virus was destructed within 60 minutes and ND virus was destructed within 30 minutes at the temperature of $56^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the investigations revealed scope of composting method for steam sterilized infected poultry in the originated area mixed with poultry manure, sawdust by thermophilic microorganism could increase the effectiveness of fermentative disinfection and decrease the environmental contamination.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2000

Gross photosynthetic rats of leaves of hydroponically grown cucumber plants(Cucumis sativus L. cv. Guwoosalichungjang) were measured under various conditions of photosynthetic photon flux(PPF), ambient $CO_2$ concentration, air temperature and leaf nitrogen contents. Light compensation point of leaf photosynthesis appeared to be in the range of 10~20$\mu$mol.m$^{-2}$ .s$^{-1}$ and light saturation point be above 1000$\mu$mol.m$^{-2}$ .s$^{-1}$ . Gross photosynthetic rates increased persistently and asymptotically as air temperature rose from 12$^{\circ}C$ to 32$^{\circ}C$. However, there were only small differences in gross photosynthetic rates in the range of 24-32$^{\circ}C$, so that the range seemed to be optimal for photosynthesis of cucumber plants at the condition of $CO_2$ concentration of 400$\mu$mol.mol$^{-1}$ and PPF of around 400$\mu$mol.m$^{-2}$ .s$^{-1}$ . $CO_2$ compensation point of leaf photosynthesis appeared to be in the range of 20-40$\mu$mol.mol$^{-1}$ and $CO_2$ saturation point be above 1200$\mu$mol.mol$^{-1}$ . Gross photosynthetic rates increased sigmoidally as leaf nitrogen content increased. These environmental factors interacted synergistically to enhance gross photosynthetic rate, so that the rate increased multiplicatively s level of one factor increased progressively with higher levels of he other factors. Mathematical models wer developed to estimate the gross photosynthetic rate in accordance with the variations of these environmental factors. These modes can be used not only to explain he variation of growth or yield of cucumber plants under different environmental conditions but also as building blocks of plant growth model or expert system of cucumber plants.