• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2009

Objective: In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of a mixture of wild Panax ginseng and red-mold rice extracts (MPR) on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in the presence and absence of methotrexate (MTX), an anti-cancer drug, was investigated. Methods and Results: In the cell viability, MPR showed a significant cell proliferation and inhibited cell regression by red-mold rice (RMR) alone or MTX alone. MPR induced moderate increase in nitric oxide (NO) production. NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression by LPS decreased after MPR treatment. In addition, MPR slightly induced COX-2 mRNA expression, but it did not affect the expression of COX-2 mRNA by LPS treatment. In RT-PCR analyses, MPR induced IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA expression, but had no effect on IL-10 and TGF-$\beta$, regardless of MTX treatment. Furthermore, MPR did not interfere with the cytotoxicity of MTX against MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Conclusions: MPR is efficacious in protecting against MTX-induced cell regression as a result of macrophage activation, resulting in induction of cytokine expression, implying that MPR could be considered an adjuvant in MTX-chemotherapy.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2005

홍삼 추출물이 유산간균 3종(L. acidophilus, L. casei 및 L. salivarius ssp. salivarius)과 병원성 균으로서 E. coli 및 L. monocytogenes에 대한 성장 촉진과 억제 효과를 홍삼 추출물 0, 1, 2, 5와 $10\%$ 농도로 조사하였으며, 홍삼 추출물에 의한 pH 저하를 buffer제를 사용하여 조정하고 미생물의 성장을 대조구와 비교하여 조사하였다. 유산간균 3종의 경우 홍삼 추출물 $1\%$ 농도까지는 무처리구와 유사한 성장을 보였으나, $2\%$이상의 홍삼 추출물 첨가 시 농도가 높아질수록 유산균의 성장도 둔화되었다. E. coli의 경우 홍삼 추출물이 $1\%$부터 높아질수록 성장이 억제되었고, L. monocytogenes의 경우 $5\%$ 이상의 처리구에서 억제 효과가 있었다. Buffer제를 사용하여 pH를 조정하고 홍삼 추출물을 $10\%$ 첨가한 구와 pH를 조정하지 않은 구를 비교하여 보면 유산간균과 병원성 균의 성장이 두 구간에 모두 억제되므로 미생물의 억제 효과가 홍삼 추출물 중의 유기산에 의한 pH 저하가 원인이 아님을 알 수 있었으며, 이와 같은 미생물의 성장억제 효과는 홍삼 추출물 중 다른 유효성분에 의한 것으로 생각되어진다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$, a special component of Red ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of White ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Fine White ginseng were processed under several treatment conditions including microwave and vinegar (about 14% acidity) treatments. Results of those treatments showed that the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ increased by over 0.6% at 4 minutes of pH 2~4 vinegar and microwave treatments. The results of processing with MWG-4 indicate that the Microwave and vinegar processed white ginseng extracts (about 14% acidity) that had gone through 4-minute treatments were found to contain the largest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (0.626%), $Rg_5$ (0.514%) and $Rk_1$ (0.220%). Results of treatments with MFWG-5 showed that the Fine White ginseng extracts that had been processed with microwave and vinegar (about 14% acidity) for 5 minutes were found to contain the largest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.484%), $Rg_5$ (3.192%) and $Rk_1$ (1.684%). It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing White ginseng and Fine White ginseng extracts with functionality enhanced.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.823-832
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• 2020

Background: The formation of a nanotube layer on a titanium nanotube (N-Ti) plate facilitates an active reaction between bone cells and the material surface via efficient delivery of the surface materials of the dental implant into the tissues. Studies have reported that Korean Red Ginseng extracts (KRGEs) are involved in a variety of pharmacological activities: we investigated whether implantation with a KRGE-loaded N-Ti miniimplant affects osteogenesis and osseointegration. Methods: KRGE-loaded nanotubes were constructed by fabrication on pure Ti via anodization, and MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the N-Ti. N-Ti implants were subsequently placed on a rat's edentulous mandibular site. New bone formation and bone mineral density were measured to analyze osteogenesis and osseointegration. Results: KRGE-loaded N-Ti significantly increased the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells compared with cells on pure Ti without any KRGE loading. After 1-4 weeks, the periimplant tissue in the edentulous mandibular of the healed rat showed a remarkable increase in new bone formation and bone mineral density. In addition, high levels of the bone morphogenesis protein-2 and bone morphogenesis protein-7, besides collagen, were expressed in the periimplant tissues. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that KRGE-induced osteogenesis and osseointegration around the miniimplant may facilitate the clinical application of dental implants.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2012

5종의 약용식물을 첨가한 발효홍삼(FRGM) 추출물의 항산화활성 및 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 저해 활성을 in vitro에서 검토하였고, 또한 STZ로 당뇨를 유발시킨 흰쥐에서 FRGM 추출물의 효능을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, FRGM 추출물은 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량이 각각 $22.41{\pm}3.51{\mu}g/mg$, $16.80{\pm}4.22{\mu}g/mg$으로 존재하였고, DPPH 소거 활성을 가지고($RC_{50}=95.57{\pm}7.40{\mu}g/mL$), 또한 높은 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 저해 활성을 나타내었다. STZ 투여에 의해 증가된 혈청 내 ALT와 AST의 활성이 FRGM 추출물의 투여로 감소하였으며, 간 조직중의 글루타치온 함량은 STZ 투여군에서는 감소되었다가 FRGM 투여시 유의적인 증가를 보였고, 지질과산화물 함량은 STZ 투여시 증가되었다가 FRGM 추출물의 투여시 유의적으로 감소되었다. 또한 간 조직중의 SOD, CAT, GP 그리고 GR의 활성도 STZ 투여로 유의적으로 감소되었다가, FRGM 추출물의 투여로 이들 항산화효소 활성이 유의적으로 증가하였다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.169-171
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• 1978

Methanolic extracts of fresh ginseng, white ginseng and red ginseng were found to have a biological antioxidant activity against ethanol induced lipid peroxidation in the mouse liver. This antioxidant activities were repressed by the addition of ferric ion to the Korean ginseng in the process of its extraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.390-396
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• 2008

For evaluating the quality of ginseng, simple and fast analysis methods are needed to determine the ginsenoside content of the ginseng products. The aim of this study was therefore to optimize conditions for fast analysis of the ginsenosides, the active ingredients in extracts of Korean red ginseng. When tandem HPLC mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used, four forms of ginsenoside, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re, were readily separated in seven minutes using a gradient mobile phase (acetonitrile and water containing acetic acid). This is the shortest separation time reported among the studies of major ginsenoside analysis. When gradient HPLC with UV detection was used, the detection limit was high, but separation of these four ginsenosides required 25 minutes using acetonitrile and water containing formic acid as a mobile phase. HPLC-MS/MS was able to separate ginsenoside Rg1 easily regardless of the mobile phase condition, but the HPLC-UV could not separate Rg1 because acetonitrile concentration in the mobile phase had to be maintained below 20%. Ginsenoside peaks were clearer and had more sensitive detection limits when Korean red ginseng extract was analyzed by the HPLC-MS/MS, but the UV detection was useful for chromatographic fingerprinting of all four major ginsenosides of the extract: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re. Extracts were found to contain 2.17 mg, 1.51 mg, 1.29 mg, and 0.46 mg of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, respectively, per gram weight. The ratios of each ginsenoside in the extracts were 1.0 : 0.7 : 0.6 : 0.2, respectively. Taken together, the results indicate that HPLC-MS/MS spectrometry could be the most useful method for rapid analysis of even small amounts of major ginsenosides, while HPLC with UV detection could also be used for rapid analysis of major ginsenosides and for quality control of ginseng products.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.418-429
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 백삼 및 홍삼 추출물과 그 효소 가수 분해물을 제조하고 이를 첨가하여 제조된 양갱의 항산화 활성 및 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 백삼과 홍삼 추출물의 효소 가수분해를 위해서는 Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, Ultimase MFC를 선정하였다. Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, Ultimase MFC로 가수분해 한 백삼과 홍삼에서는 효소반응 전에는 검출되지 않았던 ginsenoside F2와 Compound K (CK)가 검출되었으며 특히 홍삼의 2차 효소 반응군에서 CK의 함량이 가장 높았다. 효소 가수분해 전 또는 후의 백삼 및 홍삼을 함유한 양갱을 제조한 후 폴리페놀 함량, 항산화 능력을 분석한 결과 백삼 및 홍삼을 함유하지 않은 양갱(대조군)에 비해 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, ABTS 라디칼 소거능, FRAP 분석 결과 모두 우수하였으며, 첨가한 백삼 및 홍삼에 효소반응을 진행할수록 유의적으로 항산화 활성이 증가하였다(P<0.05). 밝기(L^*)는 무첨가 양갱(대조군)이, 적색도(a^*)는 홍삼양갱(RG)이, 황색도(b^*)는 백삼양갱(WG)이 높게 나타났고, 조직감은 홍삼 첨가 후 2차 가수분해까지 진행한 양갱(RG-T2)이 강도(hardness), 탄력성(springiness), 씹힘성(chewiness), 응집성(cohesiveness), 검성(gumminess) 모두 유의하게 높은 결과를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 백삼 또는 홍삼 추출물에 Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, Ultimase MFC를 처리하면 진세노사이드 탈당화에 매우 유용하여 생리활성이 우수한 CK를 생산할 수 있으며, 효소로 가수분해 된 백삼 및 홍삼을 첨가한 양갱은 대조군(인삼 무첨가 양갱)에 비해 총 폴리페놀과 항산화 활성을 유의하게 증가시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 향후 기능성 양갱 제조에 우수한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2021

Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known traditional medicine, with numerous biological functions in the body. Portulaca oleracea (P. ole) belongs to the Portulacaceae family and has bioactive potential as a traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) and P. ole extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The combination of RGE (50 ㎍/mL) and P. ole (6.25 ㎍/mL) extracts significantly suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide synthesis. The expression of proinflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, were markedly decreased by the combined treatment with RGE (50 ㎍/mL) and P. ole (6.25 ㎍/mL). Moreover, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression levels were also significantly reduced in the combined treatment compared to the LPS-stimulated group. In addition, the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa-B was suppressed by the treatment with RGE and P. ole. Moreover, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also partially inhibited by the combination treatment with RGE and P. ole. Our results demonstrate that the treatment mixture with RGE and P. ole could be used as functional food and therapeutic herbal medicine in various inflammatory diseases.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2009

본 연구는 알칼리수를 이용한 홍삼추출물의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 알칼리수의 미네랄 함량은 칼슘이 $61.73{\sim}180.63\;mg%$로 가장 높았으며, 이온화 무기염류의 첨가량이 높을수록 알칼리도는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. AKRGE 3, 6 및 9의 pH는 $4.9{\sim}5.0$, 당도 $3.03{\sim}3.43^{\circ}Brix$, 가용성 고형분 $2.33{\sim}2.60%$, 갈색도 3.0으로 나타났으며 RGE와 큰 차이는 없었다. AKRGE 6과 AKRGE 9의 칼슘함량은 107.80 mg% 및 171.81 mg%로, RGE와 시판 홍삼 파우치 제품 5종에 비해서 약 $18{\sim}29$배 높게, 알칼리도는 약 5배$\sim$11배 이상 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 조사포닌 함량은 AKRGE가 RGE에 비해서 조금 낮게 나타났으나 ginsenoside 총량에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 알칼리성 홍삼추출물의 DPPH free radical 소거활성은 $12{\sim}13%$, superoxide radical 소거활성은 약 20%로 RGE와 큰 차이는 없었다. 관능검사 결과 AKRGE 3과 6은 RGE보다 쓴맛은 감소하고, 전반적인 기호도에서 더 높은 수치를 나타내었다.