• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.33-46
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• 1970

Pinus densiflora stands are common secondary forest communities on infertile soils in Korea. The stands are results of long severe past biotic pressure such as cutting, burning and grazing. These could be regarded as biotic climax in Korea. Because of their prevalent occurrence, relatively simple species and age composition, and their domestic economic importance, study of their distributional patterns may give some basic knowledge for better utilization of land resources in Korea. To detect distributional patterns and interspecific associations ten pine stands, each of which was homogenious with respect to topography and physiognomy, were subjectively selected from pine stands in Kyunggi Province near Seoul in 1969 and were made object of this study. Four contiguous systematic samples of count for trees, shrubs and seedlings from belt transects were collected from homogeneous areas within ten natural pine stands. The belt transect was 64m or 128m in length, and 1m, 2m or 4m in width. Basic units within the transect ranged from 64 to 256. The data from the contiguous transects were analysed in terms of multiple split-plot experiment. Departure from randomness of stem distribution, i.e., pattern, was tested in terms of variance mean ratio. For the detection of association between species, correlation coefficient was calculated for different block sizes. The values of ${\gamma}$ were tested by the usual t-test. Fine trees within one of the stands showed significant regular distribution through out the blocks. Within other eight stands pines were randomly distributed at basic unit with 4$\times$4m, 2$\times$2m, 2$\times$1m and 1$\times$1m. One significantly clumped distribution at basic unit 2$\times$2m, however, was observed from one of the pine stands. These randomly distributed groups were themselves significantly regularly distributed throughout the blocks for four pine stands. For the other four pine stands, in addition to the random distribution at the basie unit(the primary random group), randomly distributed groups with 32m dimension(the secondary random groups) were also observed. Both the primary and the secondary random groups were significantly regularly distributed at the rest of blocks. Pine seedlings were not distributed randomly thoughout the blocks. Within three of the ten stands they were contagiously distributed. Important shrub species underneath pines such as Querus serrata, Q. acutissima, Leapedeza intermedia, Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae, Juniperus utilis, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum shnwed consistently similar distributional pattern with the pine at each stand. The shrub species pairs; Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae/Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum/Lespedeza intermedia were significantly negatively associated from 1m to 4m dimensional block sizes but became significantly positively associated from 8m sized blocks on. On the other hand the shrub species pairs; Lespedeza intermedia/Robinia Pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza bicolor var, japonica/Lespedeza intermedia were also significnalty negatively associated from 1m to 8m sized blocks but became significantly positively associated from 16m sized blocks on. The associational pattern between Rhododendron mucronul tun var. poukhanenae and Lespedeza intermedia was not consistent throughout the stands. In some stands negative associations were observed throughout the blocks except NS 32. From these observatons micro-edaphic variation within the pine stands seems not to be great enough to cause distributinal difference of pine trees within the ten pine stands. Among each species and pine seedings, however, the edaphic variation within the pine stands may be great enought to cause distributional variation.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 1983

수원근처(水原近處)에 있는 리기테다소나무림(林) 포플러(은사시나무)림(林)의 임상(林床)으로부터 1981년(年) 6월말(月末)부터 11월초(月初)까지 그리고 1982년(年) 7월초(月初)부터 9월말(月末)까지 외생균근(外生菌根)을 형성(形成)하는 버섯을 채취(採取)하여 그 분포(分布)를 구명(究明)하고 두 임분(林分)의 균종(菌種)의 상이점(相異點)을 비교(比較)하였다. 소나무림(林)에서는 15속(屬) 39종(種)을 구명(究明)하였으며, 가장 흔한 속(屬)은 Amanita, Lactarius, Russula, Laccaria이었다. 포플러림(林)에서는 8속(屬) 16종(種)을 분류(分類)하였으며, 이 중 13종(種)은 소나무림(林)에서도 채취(採取)된 동일균종(同一菌腫)이였으며, 가장 흔한 속(屬)은 Amanita, Lactarius, Russula, Laccaria이었다. Boletus는 두 임분(林分)에서 한 균근(菌種)(붉은 그물버섯)만이 확인(確認)되었다. Lactarius는 포플러림(林)에서 관찰(觀察)되지 않았다. 1982년도(年度) 채집중(採集中) 한국말기록종(韓國未記錄種)인 Cantharellus lutescens를 소나무림(林)에서 채취(採取)하여 확인(確認)하였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2007

The structure and dynamics of Korean red pine stands established in the riparian zone were studied in the Tsang stream in Mt. Seorak National Park, in east-central Korea. Pine stands were classified into four successional stages, the initial, establishing, competitive, and stabilizing stages, based on the age distribution of a dominant tree, Pinus densiflora, the vegetation stratification, and the microtopography of the riverine environment. The stages usually corresponded to disturbance frequencies, depending on the horizontal and vertical distances from the watercourse. Stands of the initial and establishing stages lacked tree or subtree layers, or both. As stands progressed through the developmental stages, soil particle size became finer and moisture retention capacity was improved. The stand ordination reflected the developmental stage, and the species ordination differentiated species specializing in relatively dry and wet habitats. The results of the analysis of vegetation dynamics provided ecological information which will be useful for understanding the developmental processes of vegetation established in riparian zones. Species diversity indices usually increased across developmental stages, following the typical pattern for successional processes. We discuss the importance and necessity of riparian vegetation in Korea, where most riparian forests have disappeared due to excessive human land use.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제84권2호
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• pp.198-206
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• 1995

이 연구는 루브라참나무림과 레시노사소나무림의 질소 무기화율이 개벌후 어떤 변화를 보이는지에 관하여 조사한 결과이다. 토양상층부 15cm에서의 질소 무기화율이 비닐주머니에 토양을 배양하는 방법을 이용하여 1991년과 1992년 임목 생장 기간 동안(5월-10월) 조사되었다. 두 임목 생장 기간 동안 추정된 참나무림의 질소 무기화율은 개벌 처리구 67kg/ha, 무처리구 30kg/ha였고, 소나무림은 개벌 처리구 27kg/ha, 무처리구 13kg/ha였다. 총 질소 무기화율은 항상 참나무림이 소나무림보다 높았다. 배양전과 한달 배양후 토양으로부터 질산태 질소는 소나무림의 개벌 처리구에서 검출된 반면(두임목 생장 기간동안 평균 질산화율 : 3.3kg/ha), 두 임분의 무처리구와 참나무림의 개벌 처리구에서는 거의 검출되지 않았다. 연구 결과들은 두 임분내 이용 가능한 질소량에 상당한 증가가 개벌후 발생하였으며, 낮은 질산화율은 이 임분들에 질소 보유를 위한 중요한 작용일 가능성을 시사한다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.235-239
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• 2002

Fine root decomposition and nutrient release patterns were examined using in situ buried fine root (＜ 2mm in diameter) bags inserted vertically into the mineral soil to a depth of the top 15 cm in a sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) and a Korean pine (Pinus korainesis) stands in the Jungbu Forest Experiment Station, Kyonggi-do, Korea. The pine roots compared with the oak roots showed rapid mass loss in early stages of decomposition, but decomposed similarly after 12 months of incubation. Decomposition rates of fine roots were about 33%/yr for the oak roots and 37$\%$/yr for the pine roots. Nutrients except for calcium and phosphorus showed similar concentrations between the oak and the pine roots during the study period. However, calcium concentration was significantly higher in the oak than in the pine roots. Nutrient concentrations in both stands except for nitrogen decreased during the study period. In addition, potassium compared with other nutrients was the most mobile ion and about 70$\%$ of initial amount was released during the first 3 months of incubation. The results indicate that tree species influence mass loss and nutrient dynamics of fine roots on similar site conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.317-325
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• 1991

Mineral nitrogen dynamics and net mineralization of nitrogen in oak(quercus accutissima) and pine(pinus rigida) forest soils were studied. Nitrogen mineralization was determined over 8-week period by incubation method at laboratory. Initial water content of incubating soils was adjusted by applying suction(30mmhg), and lossof water during incubation was recovered with deionized water using syringe at every 3 or 4days. Temperature of incubator was maintained with 35+0.3c during the incubation period. Content of organic matter, total nitrogen, nh4-n and no3-n in soils in oak stand were significantly highter than those in pine stand. soil ph was lower in pine stand than in oak stand. initial nh4-n and no3-n of soils used in incubation experiment were 12.6 ug/g and 6.5 ug/g for oak stand, and 5.3ug/g and 5.1 ug/g for pine stand, respectively. Production of nh4-n increased from the beginning st both stands, and showed a peak at 5th week in oak stand(28.5 ug/g) and 6th week in pine stand(16.7 ug/g), and then decreased. intial no3-n of soils in oak(6.5 ug/g) and pine(5.1ug/g)stands, increased to 36.2 ug/g in soils of oak stand(5th week) and 13.4 ug/g in pine stand(4th week), respectively. The low values of no3-n of the field soil in the growing season compared with those of incubating soils at both stands indicate that considerable amount of nh4-n and no3-n produced in soils of oak and pine stands during two-months incubation were 59.7 and 141.6mg/kg soil, and 51.9 and 41.2mg/kg soil, respectively.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생태학회 2002년도 VIII 세계생태학대회
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• pp.101-105
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• 2002

Fine root decomposition and nutrient release patterns were examined using in situ buried fine root (< 2mm in diameter) bags inserted vertically into the mineral soil to a depth of the top 15 cm in a sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) and a Korean pine (Pinus korainesis) stands in the Jungbu Forest Experiment Station, Kyonggi-do, Korea. The pine roots compared with the oak roots showed rapid mass loss in early stages of decomposition, but decomposed similarly after 12 months of incubation. Decomposition rates of fine roots were about 33%/yr for the oak roots and 37%/yr for the pine roots. Nutrients except for calcium and phosphorus showed similar concentrations between the oak and the pine roots during the study period. However, calcium concentration was significantly higher in the oak than in the pine roots. Nutrient concentrations in both stands except for nitrogen decreased during the study period. In addition, potassium compared with other nutrients was the most mobile ion and about 70% of initial amount was released during the first 3 months of incubation. The results indicate that tree species influence mass loss and nutrient dynamics of fine roots on similar site conditions.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권6호
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• pp.772-779
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• 2009

산림 생태계 내 탄소 수지에 관한 기초자료를 확보하기 위해 소나무와 참나무류의 순림 및 이들의 혼효임분에 대한 탄소 저장량을 추정하였다. 연구대상지는 강원도 횡성군 둔내면 일대로 임분별로 흉고직경 5 cm 이상 임목에 대한 흉고단면적($m^2/ha$)을 기준으로 소나무:참나무류의 비율이 95:5인 소나무 순림과 0:100인 참나무류 순림, 그리고 20:80-70:30인 혼효림을 선정하였다. 각각의 임분 내 식생, 낙엽층, 고사목의 생체량과 탄소 농도를 분석하고, 0-30 cm 깊이까지의 토양 탄소 농도를 분석하였다. 식생(상층 임목과 하층 식생)의 탄소 저장량은 참나무류 순림에서 147.6 Mg C/ha, 소나무 순림에서 141.4 Mg C/ha, 혼효림에서 115.8 Mg C/ha 등으로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 낙엽층 내 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 12.7 Mg C/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 9.9 Mg C/ha와 혼효림에서 8.4 Mg C/ha 등이었으며, 고사목 내 탄소 저장량은 혼효림에서 2.2 Mg/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 1.7 Mg/ha 와 소나무 순림에서 1.1 Mg/ha 등으로 낙엽층의 탄소량은 임분간 유의한 차이가 있었으나(p<0.05), 고사목의 탄소 저장량은 임분간 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 지표로부터 30 cm 깊이까지의 토양 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 44.4 Mg C/ha이고, 혼효림에서 41.6 Mg C/ha과 참나무류 순림에서 33.3 Mg C/ha 등의 분포를 보였으나 임분간 유의한 차이는 없었다. 생태계 내 총 탄소 저장량은 소나무 순림에서 199.6 Mg C/ha, 참나무류 순림에서 192.5 Mg C/ha, 혼효림에서 169.1 Mg C/ha 등으로 임분별로 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 탄소 저장량이 혼효림에서 순림보다 낮은 것은 탄소 저장량의 대부분을 차지하는 식생의 탄소 저장량이 혼효림에서 더 낮기 때문이었다. 혼효림의 식생은 소나무와 참나무류의 종간경쟁으로 참나무류의 직경생장이 둔화되고 임분 밀도가 높아 참나무류 임목간의 경쟁이 심하게 되어 순림보다 낮은 생체량을 보이는 것으로 추정된다. 혼효임분에서 탄소 저장량을 증가시키기 위해서는 간벌과 같은 적절한 임분관리를 통한 임분의 종내 및 종간경쟁을 완화시킬 필요가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.83-108
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• 1989

To discern general tendency in relatively pure even-aged pine stands, to group the stands and to perceive neighbourhood effects a total of 39 sites of pine stand was surveyed from nearby Seoul (12 sites), Chunsung, Kangwon (13 sites) and Sosan, Chungnam (14 sites), for herb and shrub species 32, 19; 37, 19 and 41, 14 in the respective areas from September 1987 to July 1988. In terms of detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA), the stands were subjected to ordinate with 16 physical variables and the vegetational variables. The resource ratio (N:P, N:K, P:K) as physical variables also was tried out in the DECORANA as well as independent variable (N.P.K). The outcome did not show any meaningful difference. It is suggested that there seems to be no apparent interaction among the elements in the study. Three vertical vegetation componeent, that is, tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer were subjccted to DECORANA independently, pairwisely and as a whole (a total 7 combinations). Of those analysis herb layer trial alone seems to indicate relatively clearer differences among the physical variables. In the stands nearby Seoul first axis indicated soil field capacity and exchangeable cations (K, Ca and Na) and second axis did not show any tendency. For the Chunsung stands first axis also revealed soil field capcity and amount of arganic matter and second axis showed amount of exchangeable cation (K, Ca and Na), In the Seosan 1st axis indicated pH and exchangeable cations (K, Ca and Na). For the 39 sites 4 clusters in terms of herb layer might be defined: Peucedanum terebinthaceum-Cymbopogon tortilis-Polygala japonica-Festuca ovina (1); Atractylodes japonica-Patrina scabiosaefolia (2); Potentilla fragarioides-Atractylodes (3); and Cymbopogon tortilis (4). In the neighbourhood effects study in terms of the basal area distribution, Thiessen polygon area and Gini coefficient for the Pinus thunbergii stands of Seosan the Thiessen polygon area approach seems to indicate earlier (30 years old) neighbourhood effect than the others (45 years).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 1992

Litterfall, decomposition, and dynamics of n and p in decomposing litter were investigated for 2 years in red pine ( pinus densiflora) and chinese thuja( thuja orientalis)stands in the limestone area. Average litterfall in red pine and chinese thuja stands were 4, 535kgDM ha-1 yr-1 and 5, 010 kgDM ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Seasonal litterfall in red pine and chinese thuja stands showed peaks in November. concentrations of N and P in the needle litter were lowest in the winter when the greast litterfall occurred, and highest in the summer when the least litterfall occurred. However, those in chinese thuja scale leaf litter showed litter seasonal variation.amount of N and P returned to the forest floor through litterfall were 29.02kgN ha-1 yr-1 , 2.81 kg P ha-1 yr-1 for red pine stand, and 31.06 kg N ha-1 yr-1 , 2.86kgP ha-1 yr-1 for chinese thuja stand, respectively. After 21 mounts elapsed, needle and chinese thuja scale leaf litterbags lost 34.8% and 32.5% of the initial weight, respectively. N concentrations in the docomposing needle and chines thuja scale leaf litter decreased by 19% and 30%, respectively, after 1 month elapsed, and then gradually increased to exceed the initial concentration after 9 months elapsed and then gradually increased to exceed the initial concentration after 9 months elapsed in both of them, P in needle and chines thuja scale leaf litter decreased by 54% and 57% of the initial concentration, respectively, after 1 month elapsed. unlike N, P concentration in the decomposing litter did not exceed that of initial ones. Neyt immobilization period of N and P in decomposing litter did not occur over the study period.