• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.62-77
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate the Confucian-oriented agriculture phase of the Joseon Dynasty, which was reflected at the palaces, by analyzing constructional aspects and spatial characteristics of farmlands at the palace rear gardens. The objective sites were the rear gardens of Gyeongbok Palace, Changkyung Palace, and the outside of Sinmoomoon(神武門) This study was based on literature reviews. The farmlands at the palace rear garden were constructed to self-estimate the year's harvest condition within the palaces. It was a part of the agriculture encouragement policy on governing the group of Joseon like publishing the Nongsajiksul(農事直說) and establishing the Chingyeongnye(親耕禮: king's own cultivation ceremony) and Kikokje(祈穀祭: the rite of praying for grain). In addition, farmlands of the rear garden were operated from the beginning of the state almost until the Japanese colonial era. The results were summarized as follows: First, Gyeongbok Palace rear garden's farmland which begin at the reign of Sejong(世宗) existed at the present Hyangwonji(香遠池) area. It was constructed in order to check the advanced agricultural technologies. The rear garden's farmland in Changkyung Palace, which was executed during the reign of Seongjong(成宗), was constructed right after the initial Chingyeongnye of the Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, it might be understood as the context of the king's own cultivation of the Jeokjeonchinkyung(籍田親耕). Injo(仁祖) dug for farmland in the ground of the Gyemgdeok Palace(慶德宮) though there was some stay palace, when his stay dragged out for too long. This bespeaks that those farmlands at the palace rear gardens were of great importance in the Joseon political history. The farmland near Gyeongnongjae(耕農齋), which was made during the reign of Gojong(高宗), inherited predecessor's walks of the promoting agriculture and exhibited spatial compositions such as the rear garden's farmland at Changkyung Palace. Secondly, irrigation, its water systems, the name of observatory to study farming[觀耕臺] and location requirements for farmland had something in common. It was assumed as universal forms of physiocracy-space in the Joseon Dynasty. In this study, by considering aspects of operating about vegetable garden managed by eunuchs and of the orchard in palace to cultivate fruits for national ceremonies, it could be assumed that landscape architecture of royal palace in the Joseon Dynasty did not only focus on solemnity, orderliness and fanciness but also on the practical and productive which was helpful in life. In addition, the diverse activities of productive landscape architecture led by the royal family in palaces, and the initiatively tested advanced agricultural technologies by the king were considered as an aspect of the Korean traditional specific royal palace landscape architecture. That is considered sole landscape not only to love of the people but also the 'agriculture-first' principle which were absent from other nations.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.83-92
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• 2015

Deoksugung Palace Art Museum was built in 1938 as the first professional art museum in Korea. In 2015, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage published a book on architectural drawings of this building. This book, called Architectural Drawings of the Deoksugung Palace Art Museum, consists of 646 sheets, 23 types of documents, as well as other historical letters. This paper focuses on the analysis of the characteristics of classicism in Architectural Drawings. It shows that every dimensions of drawings were controled by 3 partition composition through the analysis of architectural plan drawings, elevation drawings and even section drawings. Thus, Classicism for the museum is not about classical elements but the principle of composition of each elements for the construction. This paper further argues that Deoksugung Palace Art Museum exemplifies beautiful Classicism architecture which follows the principle of classical architectural composition.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.6 no.3 s.13
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• pp.23-44
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• 1997

There are two main halls in the Main Palace of the Koryo Dyansty in the 11th and 12th century. One, named Hoekyongjeon, was served only for special ceremony ; hundred Buddhist priests' sermons or receiption of Chinese emperor's letters. The other one, Kondukjeon, was used as ordinary throne hall. The ordinary throne hall was built when the palace was erected at the beginning era of the Koryo Danasty, while the special ceremony hall built after the reconstruction in the 11th century. The throne hall was located at northwest side of the special ceremony hall. Audience chamber and King's bedroom were located at west and northwest side of the throne hall. The basic layout of the Palace showed unsymmetrical shape. It seemed mainly effected by its undulating terraine. The acess road from main gate to the throne hall showed zigzag way, by following a stream penetrating the site obliquely, It could be said that the Main Palace of the Koryo Danasty achieved its originality on the aspect of unsymmetrical layout and zigzag acess road, which was not found in the former palaces.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1992

According to the 17th century palace construction documents, head artisans were called Pyunsoo. In one building constructions, not only carpenters but also masons, plasterers and painters had their own head, Pyunsoos. This meant that Moksoo-Pyunsoo, head carpenter, could not manage the whole design of the building. Moreover, in many cases, selecting and laying the site of the building were determined by the geomancers. Under those working conditions, Moksoo-Pyunsoo could only have charge of designing the wooden parts, such as structural forms or detailed carvings. The documents showed that some dominent carpenters, like Kwak Ki Jong or Lee Choon Bong, had taken on the post of Moksoo-Pyunsoo in almost every palace constructions, especially inner palace buildings. Form the fact that the same carpenters had worked continuosly, it can be presumed that there would have many resemblance of structural forms or carvings among those inner palace buildings.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.18-32
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• 1992

The Palaces of Chosen dynasty in Seoul had lost its original features. The external appearance of the buildings that remains in palace nowadays, have got former conditions, but its enteriors are reconstructed or removed So we have a little knowledge of interiors of palace buildings, expecially of the door and window system. To clear up ambiguity of what kinds of door are selected, and sorts of using methods are prevailed, we must persuit from the latest building to the older building, and compare with documents. For that purpose the Chukchodang of Toksu palace is selected, which reconstructed in 1904, and compared with the document published in 1906. The consequence of investigation is that the palace buildings were adopted double or triple window system, and the main room have buffer zones, such as corridors or small rooms. And the main rooms were facing with wall paper, so metal fittings are hidden and wooden surfaces are hardly expose for the purpose of amenity.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.85-101
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• 2009

The Purpose of this paper is a study on the characteristics of Campidoglio hill plan by Michelangelo. 1. The plan of the Campidoglio hill is composed of the harmonized and united space, in spite of the existing conditions of a steep flight of land, a irregular site shape, a building of each other different dimension and form. And it is newly changed by site left through the modification of existing building elevation, utilization of existing building for new planning, connection with existing building and newly planned building from plaza composition of trapezoid form. 2. The concept of planning of the Campidoglio hill is planned by compromising for requirements of Baroque after Renaissance which urban planning characteristics of Baroque is as the relation with urban street through a inclined stairs and process such as street-approach stairs-plaza-symbol of inside plaza-building. 3. The section plan of the Campidoglio hill is planned by which can be easily approached to the plaza through the inclined stairs of gentle angle from street at the center east-west direction of main axis such as main axis, utilizing the existing site shape, and it is composed of the convex shape ascending gently at the center central part of the plaza. 4. The plan of the Campidoglio hill is composed of the elation with the axis of existing Senatorio palace, building planning of perfect balance, plaza composition of reversed trapezoid form bybuilding planning, central concentrated planning of buildings surrounding plaza. 5. The three palace of the plan of the Campidoglio hill is composed of the concept as theater which the stage background forms the front elevation of Senatorio palace higher two palace and the wings of either side of stage form the front elevation of Conservatori palace and Nuovo palace, surrounding three palace elevation around plaza of trapezoid form.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.1 s.37
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• pp.53-69
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• 2004

Located in a rear garden of Changdeok Palace, Yeonkyeong-Dang is valued as the most characteristic building of the houses of aristocrats of the later Joseon Dynasty. The time of the construction has been much debated, however, it is perceived through this research that the construction was completed in September 1827(the 27nd year of king Sunjo's reign). The shape of the buildings during this period resembles a letter ㄷ as shown in the picture of Dong-Kweol. We previously described that the purpose of Yeonkyeong-Dang was to carry the portrait of king Yikjong while keeping the shape of building when it was first established until the 8th year of king Heonjong (1842). In 1865 (the 2nd year of king Gojong's reign), it was reconstructed with very different outlook which has remained the present shape. The characteristic features of the residences of aristocrats were reflected in newly reconstructed Yeonkyeong-Dang. The structure was largely divided into two quarters that occupied by male and female residents respectively. The two quarters were bordered by fences and added with a study and a pavilion. The reconstruction was conducted by king Gojong's father, Daewon- Goon and its purpose was to prepare a separate house for the king and queen before the kings wedding that was about to come. During the 19th century, building an imitation of houses of aristocrats became quite a trend in the palace. Built in 1847, Nakseon-Jae was precedented and followed by Yeonkyeong-Dang. Also later Geoncheong Palace was built in Kyeongbok Palace in 1873. All of the three buildings imitated houses of aristocrats. Divided residences of male and female sections and splendid decorations were common features. Nakseon-Jae was the smallest in the structure of spaces, ornamentation of details and its sizes, Yeonkyeong-Dang was the second and Geoncheong Palace was the most distinguished building. The constructions of these three buildings created an innovative architectural wave in the 19th century palace. Yeonkyeong-Dang was the building that mediated the new flow of architectural structure in the 19th century palace.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2001

We have increasing number of new ponds planned and designed in traditional styles. However, many of the stoneworks at the edges of those new ponds are not the characteristics of our traditional ponds. This study is aiming at surveying and analysing the building techniques of Korean traditional water edges built with stones, by investigating selected ponds in royal palace gardens. This study was conducted through field investigation and literature reviews. Nine ponds from Gyongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, and Changgyong Palace, which have many well-preserved ponds of various styles, were surveyed. First of all, the building materials (stones), or the kinds and sizes of stones used for the edges of ponds were surveyed. Secondly, construction methods, or the height and techniques of buildings stone walls were surveyed. Major findings were, first, the edges of most ponds constructed with granite Jangdaeseok, usually 120cm-140cm long, and 30cm-40cm thick. The only exceptions were those ponds which seemed to have been influenced by Japanese style. Second, typical pond ages were up-right vertical walls. Granite jangdaeseoks were piled-up 2 stories or up to six stories. Exceptions were Bandoji Pond and Chundangji Pond which had been constructed during latest period(King 'Ghojong' period). Third, heith of stone walls were between 60cm and 220cm. The depth of ponds were about 150cm or less, and the rest of the edge wall height was freeboard. Though the results of this study was not made by precise investigation and actual measurement, they could be fundamental information and data for the traditional styles of the Chosun dynasty Palace. It is believed that continuous researches on this matter will result in important and fundamental data of the establishment of traditional water edges.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.59-79
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• 2006

The architectural characteristics and historical positioning which the historical architecture will be understood better through collecting results from researches which was done on various points of views and positions. Therefore, a study on the layout of the main palace of Goryeo Dynasty also becomes a prerequisite for understanding the architectural characteristics and historical positioning which it possesses. However, the reality is that as the results from the excavation and preceding researches were not integrated together, the understanding of the layout of main palace is remaining on a partial and conceptual level. Therefore, this paper attempted to review in overall the restoration of the layout of the main palace of Goryeo Dynasty using historical documents, precedent researches, excavation maps, topographical map and cadastral maps. Consequently, it was possible to confirm the name of some of the ruins and restore the location and layout of other buildings. The result of this research presented above, will become a basis for understanding the layout of the main palace of Goryeo Dynasty in more realistic and way. Furthermore, it could be used as a fundamental data for related researches.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.455-469
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• 2011

The Chugudae is a pedestal for the Chugugi. While many Chugudae were made during the Joseon Dynasty period, seven remained in existence until the early 20th century. Only five of them remain to this day-Gwansanggam (Royal Office of Astronomy and Meteorology), the Seonhwadang in Daegu, the Changdeok Palace, Tongyeong, and Yeongyeongdang. The Changdeok Palace Chugudae is the only existing model made not only as a meteorological instrument but also as a memorial statue. It has been a challenge to decipher 41 of the 368 characters in 'Chugugi-myeong (The title of the inscriptions on the Changdeok Palace Chugudae)' as these had been eroded. However, the interpretation of the full text of 'Chugugi-myeong' became possible thanks to the "Cheoljae Jinjeok (澈齋眞蹟)" which was discovered through this study. The key sentences of the 'Chugugi-myeong' include the reason for creation, the size and functions of the Chugugi and a eulogy to the reigns of King Sejong, Youngjo and Jeongjo. Moreover, its splendid design is worthy of further study. To conclude its true meaning and value, the Changdeok Palace Chugudae requires a more extensive investigation from the viewpoint of an art history.