• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.83-98
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• 2014

This study examined the influences of eye-contact upon the relationship between mothers' control behaviors and emotions of preschool children. The participants of this study were 66 children aged 6, and their mothers. The children and mothers were observed taking part in a writing task for 15 minutes, and two coders analyzed the amount of eye-contact between children and mothers, mothers' verbal and nonverbal support and coercive control, and children's emotions in the task setting. The results showed that mothers' coercive control and nonverbal support significantly accounted for children's negative and positive emotions, respectively. In addition, the interaction between eye-contact and mothers' verbal support was significant. In particular, mothers' behaviors significantly affected children's emotions only when eye-contact occurred. Mothers' behaviors in the absence of eye-contact did not affect children's emotions. The discussion section included an analysis of the social function of eye-contact on the verbal and nonverbal communication between mothers and children, and suggestions for future study were also presented.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.179-198
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• 2014

The main purpose of this study was to examine direct and indirect effects of mothers' depression on preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors. A total of 155 mothers with preschoolers aged 3 and 4 years (83 boys and 72 girls) living in Seoul participated in this study. Mothers completed questionnaires on mothers' depression, parenting behavior, and preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors. Direct and indirect pathways from mothers' depression to preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). First, it was revealed that mothers' depression did not directly affect preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors. Second, mothers' depression indirectly influenced preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors through mothers' parenting behavior. Mothers who reported higher levels of depression showed less warmth/acceptance and more rejection/restriction towards their children, which led to higher levels of preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors. These findings emphasize the importance of positive parenting by mothers in reducing preschoolers' problem behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.73-85
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• 2010

The purpose of this qualitative research is to explore the intergenerational ambivalence of mothers with preschoolers. Twenty full-time mothers and 19 working mothers were interviewed in depth. Most of the participants who received instrumental support from their mothers showed ambivalence, and especially the working mothers were more likely to feel ambivalence than the full-time mothers. However, participants who received little or no support from their mothers did not report any ambivalent feelings. Their ambivalent feelings came from both their social structure and intrapersonal contradictions. In order to avoid ambivalent feelings, some participants redefined receiving support from their mothers as a positive thing. Meanwhile, the participants who received active support tried to divert their ambivalence by providing child care support for their children, and they showed a 'repayment provision' tendency. Some working mothers and most of the full-time mothers said they would allot 'limited provision' by excluding child care support for their children. Those who were aware of this ambivalence issue sought 'reasonable provision' for their children. Depending on these results, several suggestions are presented to solve the ambivalence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.431-440
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare Korean and American women as to the perception of their newborns, and to assess factors contributing to a positive mother-infant relationships. American mothers were with their own newborns in the same rooms and could feed and take care of them if they wanted, but Korean mothers were separated from their babies. The subjects of this study were 86 Korean and 86 American primiparas within two-three days after delivery. Data were collected from May to August 1993, using the Neonatal Perception Inventory (NPI) devised by Broussard(1963) with additions by Lee, Ja Hyung(1986). The results of this study are as follows : 1. There was a significant difference in the mothers' perceptions of their babies according to mothers' age(P<0.05, P0.01). Mothers of 20 years and downward had negative perceptions of their babies. 2. There was no difference in the methers' perceptions of their babies according to whether they had a job or not. 3. There was a significant difference in the mothers' perceptions of their newborns according to mothers' education level(P<0.01). Mothers graduated from a junior high school had negative perceptions of their babies. 4. There was no difference in the mothers' perceptions according to their feeding pattern. 5. There was a significant difference between Korean mothers' perceptions and American mothers' perceptions of their babies(P<0.01). 69.7% of Korean mothers and 44. l％ of American mothers had positive perceptions. But Korean mothers perceived that it would be more difficult for them to take care of their babies. As seen above, Korean primiparas evaluated their babies higher than Americans. But they perceived that it would be more difficult for them to take care of their babies. The results suggest that there needs a rooming-in system and systematic prenatal educations for the primiparas in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2021

Objectives: This study examined the association between the dietary behavior and weight status of preschool children and their mothers in Daejeon, Korea. Methods: A total of 301 mother-preschool children (aged 3~6 years) dyads were included in this study. The dietary behavior of children and their mothers was assessed using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) questionnaire for preschoolers and adults, respectively. The NQ questionnaires were completed by the mothers. The overweight/obesity status of children and their mothers was determined using data on height and body weight reported by the mothers. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between the dietary behavior and weight status of children and their mothers. Results: The mean NQ score was 58.9 ± 9.7 in children and 55.6 ± 9.2 in mothers. The NQ score was higher in boys than girls but did not vary by age. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 27.5% in children and 46.5% in mothers. The physical activity level of mothers and their NQ scores were positively associated with the NQ scores of the children. After adjustment for covariates, the mothers in the highest tertile of NQ scores showed a lower odds ratio (OR) for the unhealthy dietary behavior of children (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.11~0.53, P < 0.001) compared to those in the lowest tertile. The obese mothers showed a higher OR for children's overweight/obesity (OR = 3.38, 95% CI = 1.68~6.80, P = 0.001) compared to normal weight mothers. Conclusions: The dietary behavior and weight status of young children and their mothers were closely linked. Nutrition education programs targeting mothers are necessary for improving maternal and child nutrition. Specifically, these programs need to be tailored to the socioeconomic characteristics or weight status of mothers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.117-131
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze coping behavior types of mothers of autistic children. Through the use of Q methodology using a sample of 23 pairs of mothers and therapists, four factors were derived that account for the coping strategies of mothers of children with autism. The mothers of the first type have either accepted their child's disability and their own situation. For the second type, the mothers engaged in therapeutic work for their child with a positive attitude. These mothers accepted their child as a family member. The third type shared ambivalent feelings and responses regarding their child's disability. And the last type expressed concerns and difficulties related to the situation. They tried to get social support to deal with the stressful situation. The agreement of mothers'psychological adjustment from the exports'and mothers'perceptive was found to be 52%.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.47-62
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to survey mothers' child-rearing practices. A total of 288 middle class mothers having children aged three to four responded to the questionnaires on child-rearing practices. The results were as follows: 1. Mothers mostly gave birth to their children in th hospital, and only 13.9% of children were breast-fed within 6 months after birth. 2. Most of mothers began weaning within 6 months after birth and finished it within 24 months. 3. Toilet training generally started between 18 and 24 months, and mostly finished in 30 months. 4. The attitude of mothers on self-help training was moderately generous to their children. 5. Most of mothers took care of their children as primary caretakers except the employed mothers whose mothers and mothers-in-law mainly took the role. Implications of the study have been discussed in terms of developmental perspective.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.153-166
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• 1996

Mother's view and mediating behavior of paternal grandparents-grandchildren is explored by using data of 159 mothers who have children at teens. The analysis indicates as below. 1. Mothers highly except the roles of grandparents such as teaching values and family historians, role models for good life, influencing on the developing of self-identity of grandchildren. However mothers want grandparents keep distance from the lives of grandchildren. This may be double message to grandparents that they may find it uneasy to accomodate. 2. Grandchildren's role is expected very positively by mothers. 3. Mothers' mediating level of paternal grandparents-grandchildren relations is neutral and a little bit positive on the whole. Mothers' mediating behavior between grandfathers-grandchildren is associated with mothers' view on the importance of grandfathers in the lives of grandchildren and residence pattern. Mothers' mediating behavior between grandmothers-grandchildren is associated with mothers' view on the importance of grandmothers in the lives of grandchildren, grandchildren's role, the intimacy between mothers and grandmothers and residence pattern.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.178-189
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• 1997

This study was done to compare the breast-feeding primiparas' perceptions of their babies with bottle-feeding primiparas' at 2-3 days after delivery. The subjects of this study included 42 breast-feeding mothers and 56 bottle-feeding mothers. Data were collected by using the Neonatal Perception Inventory(NPI) devised by Broussard (1963) and added by Lee, Ja Hyung(1986) from December, 1996 to June, 1997. The results of this study are as follows, 1. Primiparas' perceptions of their babies according to their general characteristics. 1) There was no significant difference in mothers' perceptions according to mothers' age and whether they have a job or not. 2) There was a difference in mothers' perceptions according to their educational level (P<0.1). 2. The comparisons of breast-feeding mothers' perceptions of their babies with bottle-feeding mothers'. 1) There was no significant difference in the two groups' perceptions of other babies 2) There was no significant difference in the two groups' perceptions of their own babies. (1) Breast-feeding mothes' general perceptions of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (2) Breast-feeding mothers' perceptions about the basic needs of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). (3) Breast-feeding mothers'perceptions about the sense and motor abilities of their own babies were better than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (4) Breast-feeding mothers' perceptions about the necessary care of their own babies were lower than bottle-feeding mothers', but there was no significant difference between the two groups. 3) There was no significant difference between the two groups' positive-negative perceptions of their babies (1) 69% of breast-feeding mothers and 69.9% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about general conditions, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (2) 57.1% of breast-feeding mothers and 46.4% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the needs of babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (3) 50% of breast -feeding mothers and 48.2% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the sense and motor abilities of babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. (4) 57.1% of breast-feeding mothers and 60.7% of bottle-feeding mothers had positive perceptions about the necessary care for babies, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. 3. 54.8% of breast-feeding mothers tried to feed their own babies on the 1st day after delivery. 83.3% of breast-feeding mothers chose the feeding method for themselves. Only 9.5% of breast-feeding mothers took recomendations for breast-feeding from nurses. 78.6% of breast-feeding mothers had no chance to learn about breast-feeding. 69% of breast-feeding mothers complained about the difficulties of breast-feeding. The most serious problems were : 'insufficient milk supply', 'lack of knowledge about feeding technique' and 'problems with nipples'.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-84
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• 1998

Researchers examined elementary school children's experiences and the way that their mothers scolded them. In their writings, the children reported that their mothers under-estimated them, and assumed that they were not able to do anything by themselves. This reflected on the way that the mothers disciplined their children. The mothers were not a good model of proper behavior and did not treat the siblings fairly. The mothers were directive and valued results over effort. The children confessed that they felt suicidal, miserable and wanted to run away from home. They had a love-hate relationship with their mothers. They had to hide their real feelings and show love and respect towards their mothers. They had conflicts in dealing with these feelings. Their inability to show their real feelings and their dependency on their mothers made them return home, much like a boomerang. As a result, the children learned how to respond quickly in avoiding scolding situations. Furthermore, they learned the most important lesson; that it is all right to be abusive as long as it is for their or anybody else's own good.