• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.550-558
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• 2003

Digestion of primary sludge was conducted to evaluate the effects of reactor configuration using UAD, CUAD, TPAD, and semi-continuos CSTR. Highest VSS reduction and gas production were obtained in CUAD at all HRT. More efficient digestion was accomplished in upflow digesters compared to TPAD and CSTR. Higher thickening of solids in reactor and longer solids retention were main reasons for the enhanced digestion in CUAD and UAD. Performance based on the SRT of CUAD was nearly identical to that of UAD. However, those of TPAD and CSTR were lower than that of CUAD. Particulate and soluble organics in upflow reactors were well adsorbed due to secreted extracellular polymeric substances from the sludge granules. These might result in close proximity of microorganisms and substrates and enhanced hydrolysis. Additionally, diverse anaerobic microorganisms and neutral pH in upflow reactor could induce more activity of hydrolytic enzymes and sludge granules might offer lower thermodynamic energy state. While, excessive mixing in CSTR could break conglomerates of enzymes and substrates into fine particles, which resulted in lowered hydrolysis. Low pH level in acid fermenter of TPAD lowered hydrolysis of the particulate substrates.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47.1-47.1
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• 2011

We studied the evolution of the two mass components system with NFW initial density distribution by direct integration of the Fokker-Planck equations. The low mass component is regarded the dark matter particles while the high mass component is assumed to be conglomerates of baryonic matter in order to depict the 'stars'. While the true mass ratio between these two types of particles should be extremely large, our adopted mass ratio is about 1000 beyond which the dynamical evolution and density distribution tend to converge. Since the dynamical evolution is dominated by the dynamical friction, the high mass component slowly moves toward the central part, and eventually undergoes the core collapse. The system reaches the core-collapse at about $7.1{\times}10^{-3}$ $t_{fh}$ in NFW models, where $t_{fh}$is the dynamical friction time at half-mass radius. The distribution of the high mass component is well fitted by the Sersic profiles or modified Hubble profile when the mass segregation is established. From these results, the surface brightness of elliptical galaxies may be explained by the high mass component experiencing dynamical friction by the dark matter particles. In order for the mass segregation to be effective within Hubble time, the mass of the luminous component should be greater than $10^5M_{\bigodot}$.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.167-171
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• 2000

We report a chronic cerebral paragonimiasis from a 41-year-old Korean man who complains a headache and weakness of left motor neuron components. Magnetic resonance images of the brain revealed conglomerates of multiple ring-like enhancements in tempore-occipital and frontal lobes of the right hemisphere. An intradermal test for paragonimiasis westermani was positive. The patient was born near an endemic area of paragonimiasis and used to eat boiled or grilled freshwater crayfish in his childhood. Nodules in the brain were resected through craniotomies. The eggs of P. westemani were identified pathologically and parasitologically in the calcified necrotic lesions. Examinations on sputum and fecal specimens for the eggs of P. westemani were shown to be negative and a chest radiograph was normal. It is presumed that the brain lesions were formed by P. westemani approximately 30 years ago.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.474-490
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• 2016

This paper investigates how Kora steel industry has experienced technological diversification, organizational flexibility, and geographical dispersion, and analyzes how technology-knowledge network has formed. The network is constructed using mutual patent data. K-medoid clustering and brokerage analysis are applied. The results indicate actors in network are diversified and links between those who belong to the same cluster get stronger. Network formation reflects affiliation, competition, and cooperation in the industry, and brokerage roles of conglomerates, research institute, and small and medium sized companies are detected.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2018

We analyze geological, petrophysical and geomechanical characteristics of a $CO_2$ sequestration test site, Pohang. The target reservoir exists at a depth of 750 m, where porous and permeable sandstones/conglomerates prevail. The reservoir is underlain by thick mudstone formations. We estimate in situ stress conditions using an exploratory wellbore drilled through the target reservoir. The in situ stress condition is characterized by a strike-slip faulting favored stress regime. We discuss various aspects of reservoir fracture pressures and fault reactivation pressures based on the stress magnitudes.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.319-329
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• 2012

The market share of conglomerates is increasing in the Korean school uniform market these days. Functional fit problems occurred. Girls choose slim silhouette often experienced fit problems. The purpose of this study is to probe for functional design elements of high school girls' uniforms. A questionnaire survey was carried out. 202 high school girls took part in the survey. The questionnaire measured school uniform brand preference and size of school uniform jackets. The results of the survey show that over half of participants(56.6%) wore their jackets over nine hours per day. They considered the aesthetics of the design as the most important factor when purchasing school uniforms. That element affected their brand preference. In analyses of the fit suitability, there were no significant differences between brands. The jacket lengths were significantly different among brands, but all were evaluated as being short. About 60% of students had difficulty raising their arms while wearing their school uniform jackets. The results of this study revealed that high school girls' uniform jackets are too short and tight. Ergonomic design elements should be applied to high school girls' uniform jackets.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.52
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• pp.119-135
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• 2011

Korea's trading volume is expected to surpass USD 1 trillion in 2011. Korean economy achieves this largely due to its dependence on export and enhanced technological capacity and product quality. Improved recognition of Korean enterprises in the global arena also helped. However, the largest reason behind theses could be found in exporters' ceaseless marketing endeavors and continued government supports. Today, more and more people become to rely on trade exhibitions to boost export effectively. Trade exhibitions are employed as a useful tool to attract buyers and enter a market. This is because such exhibitions' marketing effect and professional aspects. South Korean export relies on large conglomerates for most part. However, 95% of the country's entire industry are small and medium-sized companies. This means that SMEs' export has a huge impact on the national economy. Therefore, as a way to improve SME export and minimize their losses, we need to use trade exhibitions more actively. The overseas policy insures only promotional activities regarding foreign exhibition and fair (including international events held in Korea), foreign distributor, shopping mall, home shopping, etc. and does not include air fare, traffic cost in the local place, accommodation cost and dining expenditures as costs to be excluded mentioned above. It is not easy for them to take part in events abroad if they have to pay for such expenses. If full financial support is difficult, the Korea trade insurance corporation still may give a certain level of aid for successful exporters to engage in marketing activities abroad more actively and further stimulate SMEs' export.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.561-571
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• 2019

Drilling and charging of the blast holes during NATM tunneling works take more than 30% of construction time among the whole tunneling work process. Prediction of ground condition ahead of tunnel face has been studied by several researchers by correlating percussion pressure and drilling speed during tunneling work with the ground condition and/or RMR values. However, most of the previous researches were conducted in the granite rock condition which is the most representative igneous rock in the Korean peninsula. In this study, drilling speeds in igneous rocks were analyzed and compared with those in sedimentary rocks (most dominantly composed of conglomerates, sandstones, and shales) under the similar RMR ranges; it was identified that the drilling speed is pretty much affected by rock types even in a similar RMR range. Under the similar RMR values, the drilling speed was faster in sedimentary rocks compared with that in igneous rock. Moreover, while the drilling speed was not much affected by change of the RMR values in igneous rocks, it became faster in sedimentary rocks as the RMR values got lower.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.137-165
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• 1994

Structural adjustment of industry (or industrial restructuring) seems to be inherent in the process of capitalist economic development, which tends to be proceeded with shifts from one stage to another in order to overcome structural crises generated in each stage. The structural adjustment of industry is necessarily accompanied with regional restructuring, since it is not only projected on spece, but also mediated by space. Such a restructuring necessitates industrial and uneven regional devlopment through which capital can seek excessive profits over the rate of socio-spatial average. The industrial restructuring and uneven regional development in the 1980s in Korea can be seen as a process in which capital attempted with a strong support of the govenment to overcome the crises in the end of 1970s and hence to go on rapid economic growth. In this process, capital, especially monopoly capital concentrated into few conglomerates, pursued both extensive expansion and intensive development of industry simultaneously. In results, the Korean economy could eliminate some of peripheral characters and maturate the Fordist accumulation system. The extensive expansion of the Korean industry in the 1980s was stimulated mainly through the enlargement and adjustment of investment for equipment facilities which was planned to exclude or rationalize traditional light industries on some places, and to continue rapid growth of key heavy-chemical industries, especially of fabricated metal industry, on other places. In this process, keeping mainly the existing developmental axis which polarized the Seoul Metroplitan region and the Southeast region in Korea, the enhancing spatial mobiiity of capital and the further differentiating division of labour enforced a tendency of concentration of all types of industry in the Seoul Metropolitan region, and at the same time provoked the diffusion of some industries over Jeolla and Chungchong regions in a considerable extent. The intensive development of industriai structure in the 1980s was pursued through the strategic encouragement of subcontracting small firms mainly which produced assembling components, the technical enhancement and factory (semi-) automation, and the enrichment of service industries for estate management, finance, distribution and retailing which supported and complemented the production of goods. In this process, enabling capital to extend and elaborate its domination over space through the reorganization of regulating systems, the Fordist division of labour generated a socio-spatial hierarchy in the nation-wide scale that characterized: the Seoul Metropolitan region as an overmaturated (or overarching) Fordist region performing the conceptive functions of management, research and development, in which all types of industry (including service industries) tended to be reconcentrated; Kyungsang region as a maturated Fordist region with excutive branches of large conglomerates and with subcontracting firms around them which produced standardized products through the automized production processes in secialized Fordist industries or rationalized traditional industries; and Jeolla and Chungchong regions as newly devloping Fordist regions with newly migrated branches and some subcontracting small firms-in relatively older Fordist industries or partly rationalized traditional industries. From these analyses, it can be argued that the structural adjustment of the Korean industry in the 1980s, which had carried out both through the extensive expansion and the intensive deveiopment, strengthened further uneven regional development process, even though it appears to have reduced apparently the economic and regional disparity by balancing numerically large and small firms and by extending the Fordist industrial space nation-wideiy. And it seems more persuasive to see that the Korean industrial structure in the 1980s maturated the Fordist system of accumulation, but not yet transformed towards the post-Fordist (or the so-called flexible) accumulation system, even though the Korean economy in the 1990s seems to be under a pressure of restructuring towards the latter system.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.121-130
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• 2016

Amidst a competitive environment, success and innovation of a company hinge on establishment of competitive strategies through CEO's capabilities for discovering new businesses. In other words, several alternatives that are being considered as new businesses and the ensuing selection that a top management makes lead to a company's success and innovation. Examples of this are numerous among global corporations as well as Korean small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This research has analyzed the role of a CEO to be a condition for success in the growth and innovation of a company. Starting from the topic of entrepreneurship, the research on the role of a CEO has been actively conducted in context with the latest innovations. A prime example involves research related to the innovativeness of a CEO. In this regard, this research was an empirical analysis on the impact that a CEO's ability to discover new business opportunities and competitive strategies has on the performance of a firm. This analysis was conducted based on nationwide data of 286 large conglomerates and smaller-sized companies alike. Based on the analysis, "experimenting" and "association", among abilities of discovery, have been found to strengthen competitive strategies. Also in the context of abilities needed for discovery, differentiation strategy has a greater effect on a firm's performance than the cost leadership strategy. Furthermore, the mediating effect of competitive strategies was prominently displayed in experimenting and corporate performance.