• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.57-68
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• 2014

The Korean Legation in Washington, D.C., is a proof that Emperor Kojong of Chosun Dynasty tried to establish relationship with the U.S. in 1891, that was before the declaration to establish Korean Empire. In that sense, the building is a historic place. The legation building is a symbolic place attesting to the turbulent history at the time of 1890 to 1910, when Korea had to suffer the forced treaty with Japan in 1905 and the annexation into Japan, and then to the 20th century up to the present time, 2014. The legation building can be turned into a space to host well-planned exhibits to show Korea's history and culture to local residents, foreign visitors to Washington, D.C., and overseas Koreans. The followings are the basic principles for the future use of the legation in line with the basic direction. The building's use should not be limited to museum, but should be flexible to accommodate various different practical usage. It is necessary to make the Korean Legation building that can incorporate the characters and the history through modern interpretation of the historicity of the place, the Korean culture, and historical events. The future usage of the Korean Legation building should enhance the value as a cultural heritage by linking the interpretation of the historical events and real life shown through exhibits, performance and people.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.56-71
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the construction background of multi-functional vacant grounds in the rear gardens of Kyeongbok Palace and Kyeongun Palace, by understanding the building history of multi-functional vacant ground during the Joseon Dynasty with a special reference to the places formed in the period of King Kojong. The multi-functional vacant grounds in the Palace were the important element from the political aspect of Joseon Dynasty, and became an infrastructure of a state - run organization. The vacant space between Kwangyeonlu(廣延樓) and Haeonjeong, the whole region of Yeolmujeong(閱武亭), Seochongdae(瑞蔥臺), and Chundangdae(春塘臺) were investigated as the multi-functional places, where the events were held for the royal family in the Changdeok Palace after the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty. Various events such as the archery competition, official examination and military training were held at the places. After the inauguration of King Kojong, Kyeongmudae(京武臺) was made in the process of the reconstruction of the Kyeongbok Palace. The Kyeonghee Palace was used as the off-palace rear garden after the year that King Kojong returned to the Kyeongun Palace. The characteristics of two spaces were to apply the space organization of the Changdeok Palace into the rear garden outside of Sinmumun(神武門), Kyeongmudae at Kyeongbok Palace and the pedestrian overpass was established to connect the spaces efficiently in Kyeonghee Palace. Especially, the multi-functional vacant ground in the rear garden during the period of King Kojong functioned as the place to show off the internal and external independence of a nation and to show the authority and dignity of King at the point of time that accelerated the plundering Joseon Dynasty by Japanese imperialism powers, beyond the meaning of national event space that had existed before, such as official examination or archery test. In addition, the fact that the multi-functional vacant ground used as training place for military exercise where many people were mobilized was considered to reflect the contemporary situation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.10-20
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to define criteria for landscape restoration of palace gardens. The case study on Gyeongbokgung and Changdeokgung was used not only to evaluate effectiveness of the criteria, but also to propose solutions to issues of current restoration process of both palace gardens. Following three pairs of different concepts were chosen as criteria to determine on the original form: Diachrony vs. Synchrony, Originality vs. Contemporary Characteristics, and Invariance vs. Deformability. Gyeongbokgung has been restored based on its contemporary characteristics of Year 1888 and the main focus is on its architectural features rather than both architecture and landscape. However, in-depth complementary work on landscape restoration is necessary to restore its originality in Year 1395 such as analyzing photos of Gyeongbokgung taken in modern era. In case of Changdeokgung, we analyzed separately by region or landmark such as Jondeok-Pavilion(尊德亭), Yeonkyung-Hall(演慶堂), and Okryu-Stream(玉流川). Original form of Jondeok-Pavilion Area was changed in 1884. Since diachronic invariance that lasted for 240 years is more important criterion than its contemporary characteristics, it should be restored as how it was painted in Donggwoldo(東闕圖). In Yeonkyung-Hall Area, both original characteristics at the time of Hyomyung Crown Prince and contemporary characteristics of Emperor Kojong Era appear. Therefore, different solution is required for such area to be restored appropriately. Starting from era of King Injo(1636), diachrony and invariance of Okryu-Stream Area were continued throughout the era of King Sukjong and King Jeongjo(1800). It is more than 250 years before Okryu-Stream Area was altered under the rule of Emperor Kojong in 1884. In fact, alterations made to Okryu-Stream Area after 1884 doesn't hold much significance. Therefore, water landscape of Okryu-Stream Area, which was altered in the era of Emperor Kojong, needs to be restored based on Donggwoldo.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.151-173
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• 1991

A review of the royal banquet rituals which were excuted twice a day for consecutive three days for master were found to be progressed; 1st day for Queen Mother, 2nd day for King, 3rd day for Crown Prince very orderly. And performing dozens of dances and musics at each intervals of this procedure. The Sequence of rituals were summarized as follows. 1. Entering by order of low in rance. 2. Opening a ceremony. 3. Setting napkins, spoons and chopsticks and sumptuous table for master. 4. Offering flowers to master and then granting that flowers to subjects 5. Singing a open song. 6. Setting wine/side dishes for master and complimenting master's achievement/wellness. 7. Bowing politely three times and giving cheers. 8. Distributing wine/dishes to high ranked subjects. 9. Offering special dishes for master. 10. Distributing wine to low ranked subjects. 11. Singing a closing song. 12. Taking away tables. 13. Closing a banquet and leaving the hall.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.259-276
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• 1991

The review of side dishes, oereal dishes and seasonings of the banquet on the 24th year of King Kojong in Chosun Dynasty were summarized as follows: 1. Ten kinds of soups(=Tang), that is Yyolguja Tang$.$Guja Tang$.$Keumjung Tang$.$Whanja Tang$.$Jap Tang$.$Gol Tang$.$Seunggiwa Tang$.$Jeopo Tang$.$Haesam Tang$.$Yang Tang were served. The most frequently served soup among them was Yyolguja Tang. 2. Various kinds of dried meat/fish were piled up most highly among dishes. Sliced beef and minced beef among dried meats, white cud$.$yellow cud$.$flatfish$.$skate$.$shark$.$octopus$.$dried abalone$.$cuttle fish$.$dried scallop were piled up together. 3. Sliced of boiled beef/pork and gelatined knuckles were assorted. Boiled meat which was made of beef, pork, lamb, liver, stomach, brisket and plat flank of caw was chiefly used for boiled beef, hams for boiled pork, mediumsized lamb for boiled lamb. And the legs and stomach of caw, old chicken, mullet were used for gelatined knuckle. 4. Three kinds of pan-frying dishes that was stomach and liver of caw, and mullet were usually piled up, If one kind in one dish, sea cucumber and mullet were used respectively. 5. Boiled abalone was dried abalone with soaked, sliced and boiled down in soysauce. 6. Roasted dish was usually made of assorted food stuffs. Sometimes chicken an pheasant was used for roasted dish. 7. Steamed dish was like this : assorted beef, fresh abalone, sea cucumber, mullet, young pork, chicken, dried abalone. 8. Raw dish was made of intestine of caw, fresh abalone and mullet. 9. Poached egg was serving decorated with red pepper, pine-nut and green onion. 10. Seasoned green-been-jelly was served only one time. 11. Radish kimchi was served only one time. 12. Chief foods were nuddle and stuffed bun. 13. Served seasings were honey, mustard, soysauce with vinegar, salt. Review from banquet menu, 34 kinds of side dishes were served : 10 kinds of soup, dried fish/meat, boiled beef, boiled pork, gelatined knuckle, 5 kinds of panfrying, boiled-down-abalone in soysauce, 3 kinds of roast, 5 kinds of steamed, 3 kinds of raw dishes, pouched egg, green-bean-jelly, kimchi. 4 kinds of chief foods were served : nuddle, dry nuddle, 2 kinds of dumping.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.211-235
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• 1974

A. The principal geographical descriptions compiled by the government during Yi dynasty started from the Shinchan-Paldo-Chiriji(新撰八道地理志) which was compiled by the royal decree in the sixth year (1424) of King Sejong(世宗) and it ended in the Jungbo-Munhonbiko(增補文獻備考) which was published in the second year(1908) of Yunghyi(隆熙). The process of their compilations can be divided into four steps according to the compilatory work's contents of the principal geographical descriptions which were compiled through the Yi dynasty. We can say that the first step (1424-1454) of those works began at the date of the compilation of the Shinchan-Paldochiriji and it ended in the date of the compilation of the "Sejongsilok-Chiriji"(世宗實錄地理志), and during that period the Kyonsangdo-Chiriji(慶尙道地理志) was published. In the second step(1455-1531), were published the Paldochiriji,(八道地理志), Kyongsangdosokchanchiriji(慶尙道續撰地理志), DonggukYojisungnam(東國與地勝覽) and the third step (1532-1769) began at the date of the compilation of the Dongguk-Munhonbiko(東國文獻備考) and it ended in the date of the publication of the Jungbo-Munhonbiko(東國文獻備考), and in that period the Jongjung-Munhonbiko(訂增文獻備考) was published. The works of compilation of the Eubjis in the period of King Kojong(高宗) came within the category of the fourth step. B. Generally speaking, the state geographical descriptions were composed of the regional data of the country which were collected and arranged. In other words, firstly, the Eubjis were compiled in each county, secondly, the Dojis(道誌) were compiled based upon the collections of all the Kunjis(郡誌), lastly, the government collected all the Dojis and compiled them into the state geographical descriptions. The Eubjis in the early days of Yi dynasty were compiled as the data for the compilation of the nation-wide geographical descriptions, but the Eubjis in the age of King Kojong were compiled as the administrative data. C. The main contents of the Eubjis were composed of the descriptions on the geography, history, industry, naval and military affairs, traffics, communication, administration, economy and society, and of the matters on the prose and poetry, persons of loyalty, historic remains, social customs and schools. Consequently, the above-mentioned data will be contributed to the study on the structures of the geography, history, economy, administration, education, naval and military affairs and traffics as well as the study on the literature, social customs and bibliography. Especially, they will be important data for the arrangement of cultural assets of our country. Furthermore, because the traditional study of national literature was centered around the study on the central government ignoring the study on the regional matters, the study of the Eubjis will be worthy of being valued.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.11 no.2 s.24
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• pp.37-55
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• 1987

Pasul (Herein after referred to Korean-styled Pasul) to cover up the secrets, which has originated from Bool-an original mode of clothes is to put around a belt with a kind of towel. With the development of culture, it has been handed down the parts of ornamental and symbolic functions, losted its particular and original one. In general, we cannot exactly show when the Pasul has been used as a ritual dress, but, dare to maintain in this thesis, which has been used in Koguryu era. This thesis is summarized as follows: 1. The Bool, which is the first dress of all has its origin in the prehistory, and gradually has developed to a ceremonial dress with the help of man's intelligence. 2. Korean-styled Pasul has continuously been handed down from generation to generation (to adding up, from Koguryu era to Yi dynasty). Today, the color of the Pasul is known as a pink one, but I, herein, would like to refer that king Kojong in Yi dynasty had on a yellow-colored Pasul. 3. With becoming to be a form of ceremonial dress, the Bool has become to be complicated in style. For example, in the Koguryu era, the style is in the form of 'U,' and in Koryu era, it is the echelon formation tinting a pink color and weaving a mountain and flare shaped designs, and its dimension, the upper is one ja (a ja means a unit of length, 0.33 M), the lower, two ja, its length three ja. The Bool of Yi dynasty tints a pink color, and weaves a seaweeds, rices, axes and shaped designs. The Pasul which King Kojong in Yi dynasty put in, was a yellow-colored one weaving dragons and fire shaped design. 4. The Pasul is a ceremonial dress used a ritual or court dress. The purposes of wearing it are to distinguish the upper from the lower classes, to make them abide by regulations, and to respect courtesy. Accordingly, the Pasul. as the dress for special occassions does make us review the old and learn the new. 5. The reason that Pasul has been handed down are: 1) richness and fecundity. 2) symbol mark to represent classicalism. 3) to symbolize the authority by putting on it, for it is necessary to distinguish the upper from the lower classes along with the class consciousness in society. 6. On the basis of the study, the Pasul transition is to be handed down the function of the ornament and symbol. after losted its original functions, with the development of culture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

The main aim of this study is to provide an overview of the characteristics the Oungak (五雲閣) area on the north of rear garden of Gyeongbokgung Palace which was constructed during the time of king Kojong. This study also consider the aspect of functional elements of Ocryucheon (玉流川) located in Changdeokgung Palace and how the Oungak area was used as a substitute for the Ocryucheon. The Oungak area is the private space of the king. It was built in a natural setting which used existing environment including spring water and the rock carved with inscriptions 'Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji (天下第一福地). King Kojong tried to replace Ocryucheon with Oungak area which had played a important role of relaxation and leisure for royal family at the Ocryucheon to reconstructed Gyeongbokgung Palace. Despite being away from each other, Oungak area seems quite similar to Ocryucheon area. Oungak area and Ocryucheon have a common conditions of a location and structure of the building. Both constructed on the northernmost part of rear garden, composition of buildings and the design of waterway estimated to function as Curve-Stream Banquet. Oungak area was consisted of Ocryeonjeong (玉蓮亭) Pavilion, Oungak Building, Byeokhwasil (碧華室) Building and Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji-Cheon (天下第一福地泉) Spring and Streams. Except Byeokhwasil Building, spatial compositions of Oungak area showed pattern that were similar to Ocryucheon area. The area was developed, moreover, to unconventional space that depended on the conditions of topography, slope, water system. First, The Ocryeonjeong Pavilion constructed to view the landscape of Seoul to Namsan Mountain. Second, the peculiar form of Cheonha-Jaeil-Bokji-Cheon Streams is estimated the shape imitated from Curve-Stream Banquet on Ocryuchon. Third, Oungak Building was constructed like a habitable house with Nongsanjeong Building in Ocryucheon. The Oungak area was constructed to improve Gyeongbokgung Palace, Consequently, the Oungak area specially characteristic of Joseon palaces's rear garden.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.407-433
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• 2015

First half of my article focused on analyzing the current state of historical materials regarding weather and climate, and established a list of weather-related historical literature collection of Korea with which to make a lexical approach to the situations of all kinds of weather literature. It also put emphasis on gathering information and data of weather logs from journal-type historical records which were contained in 48 weather-related journals of Choseon period. The results of this research are expected to be useful for the activation of study in historical meteorology. The latter half of my research focused on analyzing various meteorological states of sunny, cloudy, rainy, snowy and frosty weather which were recorded in the official Annals of King Kojong (1864~1907). And it re-verified historical rainfall data of preceding researches of Wada Yuji (1917), Jung-Lim (1994), Jhun-Moon (1997). In result, different records were found between data of theirs and mine. It means that we have to analyze and reconstruct newly the meteorological data of the Annals of King Gojong and the Daily Records of Royal Sungjungwon (1623~1910) during the late Choseon period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1981

It is of great significance to perform a ceremony with the utmost honor in every society and the fact is that ancient Koreans executed sacrificial rites to natural scenery with primitive reilgious things from the beginning of Korean history. Minute records on the various ceremonies to the Koryeo Dynasty are found in Koryeodogyeong and it might be said that there were no standing rules and the many ceremonies were resorted to an expedient, because in the Yi Dynasty the first codified ceremonial lawbook, Kukjooryeeui was formalized and after then all the ceremonies and formalities were carried out by the referential rules of the above-mentioned Kukjooryeeui. After the imperial enthronement of Kojong, all the ceremonial goods and flags symbolizing the heaven and auspicious animals-authority and fortune-were made by Daemyeongjibyei, which are found at Changdeokgung now. There are no remarkable differences in the Yi Dynasty between the records at the beginning and the remaines at the last stage, which shows once-fixed standing rules were kept faithfully to the end. The main patterns used on flags were of imaginary animals such as dragon, indicating the wish that countless authority and fortune should be realized. This is the former part of the study on the ceremonial flags in the Yi Dynasty and I hope the detailed idea and symbolic meaning concerning the flags will be discussed later.