• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 2009

In the flora of the whole area of Jakeundang at Byeonsanbando National Park, a total of 105 taxa were identified including 50 families, 88 genera, 98 species, 6 varieties and 1 form. These were again divided into 31 taxa (29.5%) of woody plants and 74 taxa (70.5%) of herbaceous plants. In addition, 4 taxa of the Korea Forest Service, designated rare plants in the flora were identified to grow there including Phacelurus latifolius (Preservation priority order: No. 194), Aristolochia contorta (No. 151), Koelreuteria paniculata (No. 115), and Glehnia littoralis (No. 203). Indigofera koreana, Viola seoulensis that are on the list of Korean endemic plants were also identified and the plants approved for export were identified similarly to rare plants. In addition, among the floral region-based specific plants, the plant group belonging to class V, class IV and II didn't appear and a total of 16 taxa 3 taxa including Elymus mollis, Salsola collina and Koelreuteria paniculata in class III, and 13 taxa including Ischaemum anthephephoroides, Phacelurus latifolius, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Melandryum oldhamianum for. roseum, Calystegia soldanella, Messerschmidia sibirica, Scutellaria strigillosa and Aster spathulifolius, etc. in class I were identified. Among the naturalized plants in the surveyed sites, 6 families, 10 genera, and 10 taxa were identified to grow, such as Bromus unioloides, Phytolacca americana, Lepidium apetalum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Oenothera biennis and Xanthium canadense, etc. and the naturalization rate was analyzed to be 9.5% of all 105 taxa of vascular plants. This research analyzed the coverage ratio and importance value by dividing the community into a sand dunes and back swamp and divided the sand dune area into Vitex rotundifolia community and the back swamp into Phacelurus latifolius community. Jakeundang is designated as a sand dune plants observation area and managed by the office of Byeonsanbando National Park. To preserve this place, it is desirable to take a systematic management measure, such as a visit to this place on a subscription basis or education and publicity on sand dune plants.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.24-47
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• 1998

This study examined ecophysiological characteristics, cultivation methods and planting uses of tree and shrub species native to Kangwon province and valuable as landscape plants. The results were as followos : 1. 73 species selected as shrubs were ; Rhododendron brachycarpum, Rhododendron micranthum, Abelia mosanensis, Abeliophyllum distichum, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Acanthopanax senticosus, Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum etc. 2. 38 species selected as trees were ; Cornus controversa, Sorbus commixta, Malus baccata, Prunus padus, Acer triflorum, Acer tegmentosum, Styrax japonica, Styrax obassia, Sorbus alnifolia etc. 3. Shade-tolerant species were ; Abies koreana, Rhododendron brachycarpum, Rhododendron micranthum, Prunus padus, Sorbus commixta, Acer triflorum, Rhus japonica, Cornus kousa, Kalopanax pictus, Chionanthus retusa, Sorbus alnifolia, Magnolia sieboldii, Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Berberis koreana, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus. 4. Species growing well even in less fertile soils were ; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus dentata, Koelreuteria paniculata, Rhus japonica, Quercus acutissima, Albizzia julibrissin, Sorbus alnifolia, Staphylea bumalda, Philadelphus schrenckii, Clerodendron trichotomum, Deutzia coreana, Weigela florida, Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Lindera obtusiloba. 5. Salt-tolerant species were ; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus aliena, Prunus padus, Styrax japonica, Quercus dentata, Kalopanax pictus, Chionanthus retusa, Albizzia julibrissin, Tilia amurensis, Forsythia koreana, Lonicera maackii, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Clerodendron trichotomum, Sambucus williamsii var. coreana, Abelia mosanensis, Deutzia coreana, Viburnum carlesii, Rhus japonica, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Callicarpa dichotoma, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus. 6. Pollutant-tolerant species were ; Styrax japonica, Prunus padus, Quercus dentata, Kalopanax pictus, Chionanthus retusa, Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis, Styrax obassia, Forsythia koreana, Kpiraea salicifolia, Clerodendron trichotomum, Viburnum sargentii, Viburnum carlesii, Weigela florida and Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 2002

This study was intended to investigate injury rates of landscape trees planted in the reclaimed seaside areas and to analyse their causes in planting environment. The planting environment such as soil properties, reclaimed depth of soil, soil hardness, salt consistency of soil, and drainage system were surveyed in 8 reclaimed seaside areas in the middle and southern regions of the country. Injury rates of 42 species, 1,233 trees and growth of branches in 6 species. 130 trees were measured and analysed to fond out salt-resistant trees in the reclaimed lands. The results of the survey are as follows; the average injury rate of evergreen trees was 32%. which was much lower than that of deciduous trees as 52%. The lower injured trees in the 8 reclaimed lands were Pinus thunbergii, Pinus parvinora. Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuka', Pinus koraiensis, Acer trifdum, Koelreuteria paniculata and Metasequoia glyptostroboides. The higher injured trees were Acer palmatum, Magnolia kobus. Lagerstroemia indica, Diospiros kaki, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Sorbus commixta, Prunus yedoensis, Pinus desinora, Chaenomeles sinensis, Albizzia julibrissin and Zelkowa serrata. At least the mounding of 1.7m depth of soil is needed from the tidal saline soil to the roots of trees to protect trees from salt injury Roots of trees were found to have infiltrated to 0.77m under the soil of which solidity was over 4.5kg/㎥. And 22 of total 25 soils were acid from pH 3.72 to pH 5.85. Injury rate of trees was much higher when they were detached from the sea, and planted on the drainage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2019

Background: Cliffs are a major plant habitat around the coastal area, but in contrast to sand dunes and salt marshes, they have been little investigated in Korea. There are simple descriptions of cliff vegetation in studies on island vegetation, but there is no published paper, which addressed sea cliff vegetation synthetically. Furthermore, the coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve. Even though, this area is exposed to intense recreational use such as trekking in these days. This study aims to clarify spatial distribution and structure of vegetation along the environmental gradient on coastal cliff and plateau in the Janggi peninsula (Homigot) located on southeastern Korea. Further, this study has also another objective to prepare a restoration plan to protect this conservation reserve from intense human disturbance. Results: Landscape elements were arranged in the order of sea cliff risen directly on the sea, seashore, coastal cliff, and plateau covered with relatively deep soil in a coastal area of the Janggi peninsula (Homigot), southeastern Korea. Vegetation was sampled at 59 plots arranged from the sea cliff through the seashore and coastal cliff to plateau. The sea cliff, seashore, and coastal cliff, which compose the coastal landscape, were dominated by the seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community, dwarf sand sedge (Carex pumila Thunb.) community, and seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community. On the plateau corresponding to the ridge of the coastal cliff, black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) community, golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann) community, east Asian hackberry (Celtis sinensis Pers.) community, sawleaf zelkova (Zelkova serrata Makino) community, and Korean oak (Quercus dentata Thunb.) community were established in the mentioned order along distance from the sea. Stand ordination showed a vegetation sequence from the seashore through the cliff to the plateau, consistent in its overall pattern among sites. This was dominated by topography. There is evidence for the importance also of salinity, drought and of soil depth. Conclusion: The lack of scientific interest in cliffs to date is in striking contrast to the commonness of cliffs around the whole national territory and to the attraction cliffs have had for humans throughout history. Cliffs provide a unique habitat, rarely investigated from an ecological viewpoint. Cliffs may represent an invaluable type of ecosystem, consisting of some of the least disturbed habitats on earth and contributing more to the biodiversity of a region than their surface coverage would indicate. Although this coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve, this area is in danger of severe disturbance due to excessive recreational use. We recommended a restoration plan to protect this area from such a disturbance.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.503-518
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• 2010

The Wando Jeongdo-ri Windbreak Forest is located in region of Wando, where located between sea and land facing with the southward. Due to the strong winds from the southeast in the summer season, it is very important sites as an ecological succession areas that protect cultivated land and the fishing village. Flora of Wando Jeongdo-ri Windbreak Forest is recorded as 384 taxa with 93 families 250 genera 355 species 42 varieties and 7 forms. The Jeongdo-ri Windbreak Forest belongs to South coast province, and appeared Cymbidium nipponicum as Endangered Plant Species II. Rare Plants are recorded as 6 taxa; C. nipponicum, Arisaema heterophyllum, Lilium distichum, Koelreuteria paniculata, Monotropa uniflora and Ardisia macrocarpa. The Protection species which is designated by the CITES are 2 taxa; Cymbidium goeringii and C. nipponicum. Protection species of IUCN is 1 taxa; Cinnamomum japonicum. Endemic plant are 7 taxa; Poa annua, Polygonum lasianthum var. coreanum, Chloranthus fortunei, Carpinus coreana and Lonicera subhispida. The naturalized plant is recorded as 32 taxa with 11 families 23 genera 27 species 5 varieties. The Naturalization Index was 8.33%, and the Urbanization Index was 11.81%.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1991

The study was performed to select a adaptable tree species under stressed field conditions where there are a industrial plants operating with a number of smoke stacks emitting pollutants, such as hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide. As a result of the study, a tree species selected are due to construct a forest belt in a zones near industrial plants to reduce the concentrations of air pollutants. The concentrations of atmospheric hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide were very higher at experimental sites near industrial plants (air-pollution sites) than at control site. The leaves of 7 tree species grown at air pollution sites contained more sulfur and, specially, fluorine than at those control site. Among the tested tree species, Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. and Euonymus japonica Thunb. grown at air pollution sites did not at all break out a foliar injury but appeared to be healthy, as well as those grown at control site. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum Kom., Pinus virginiana Mill., Larix leptolepis Gordon., Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus strobus L., Picea abies Karst and Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. et Zucc., however, showed a severe fluoride-type foliar injury such as necrosis on tip or margin of leaves, etc. Fluorine found in leaves was proved to be correlated to sulfur found in leaves whereas index of foliar injury hadn't a good correlation to pollutants found in leaves. It appears that Euonymus japonica Thunb., Ligustrum japonica Thunb., Platanus acerifolia Willd, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee and Sophora japonica L. grown at both experimental sites had a high value of percent survival whereas Pinus virginiana Mill., Pinus koraiensis Sib. et Zucc., Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. and Alnus hirsuta Rupr. had an extremely low value of that. In comparison with control site, the percent tree height increments in Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Quercus acutissima Carruth., Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee, Pinus thunbergii Parl and Euonymus japonica Thunb. and the percent upmost root diameters in Populus tomentiglandulosa T. Lee, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara and Pinus thunbergii Parl. cultivated at air polluted sites showed very high value above 90%, respectively. A significant negative correlation (r=-0.662) was recognized between the index of foliage injury and the percent collective character, which was the mean of tree characters such as percent survival, percent tree height increment and percent upmost root diameter increment which compared to those at air polluted site with those at control site. Based on the percent collective character Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl., Populus tomentiglandlosa T. Lee, Betula platyphyla var. japonica Hara and Platanus occidentalis L. have large value about 90%, respectively. Therefore, the results indicate that this tree species are adaptable species in air polluted regions. For better understanding of the adaptable tree species, furthur studies concerning the effects of various air pollutants on the tree growth are required.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the plants status of the woody landscape plants species of 38 elementary, middle, and high school in Iri city, and to obtain some fundamental information for development and use of native species of trees. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Landscape plants species of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city was 55 families, 164 species, and 85, 045 trees and the average of landscape plants species of 17 elementary schools was 50.5 families, 3, 010 trees, on the other hand, middle and high school was 42.4 families, 1, 609 trees. 2. Plants species by type was Deciduous Broadleaved Tree 32.9%, Deciduous Broadleaved Shrub 25.6%, Evergreen Coniferous Tree 14.6%, Evergreen Broadleaved Shrub 9.7%, Vine 4.8%. Evergreen Trees on the other hand, according to the utilization rate 'others' was 32.2%. 3. The rate of plants species of the Evergreen Trees to the Deciduous (except Vine and 'others') was 34:66. on the other hand, rate of quantity was 50.5:49.5 and the rate of the trees to the shrubs(except Vine and 'others') was 58:42. to the plants species and to the quantity of the number of trees was 25.9:74.1. 4. Plants species of fruit plants of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city was 31 species to the 164 species. The rate of frequency was Poncirus trifoliata 27.8%, Lycium chinense 25.1%, Ginkgo biloba 16.7%, to the quantity of the number of trees, fruit plants was 2, 605 trees to the 85, 045 trees and the frequency was 3%. 5. School trees and flowers of 38 elementary, middle and high school in Iri city were appointed 17 elementary school, on the other hand, middle and high schools were only 4 middle and high schools. Plants species of the best of frequency school tree was Zelkova serrata and school flower was Rosa spp.. 6. The rate of the native species to the introduced species was 73.8:26.2. on the other hand, the rate of quantity by the number of trees was 84.7:15.3 to the type, the rate of frequency of plants of native species Evergreen trees was Thuja orientalis, deciduous was Ginkgo biloba, Vine was Wisteria floribunda and 'others' was Sasa borealis. on the other hand, to the introduced species, Evergreen Trees was Juniperus chinensis. Deciduous Trees was Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and Vine was Vitis labrusca and 'others' was Phyllostachys pubescens. 7. As the fundament of the results of above the optimum selecting of woody landscape plants according to native species of trees was 29 families, 58 species. on the basis of 30 points, 28 points was 8 species Ginkgo biloba, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Elaeagnus umbellata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Weigela subsessilis, Koelreuteria paniculata, Lonicera japonica, 26 points was 27 species Thuja orientalis, Zelk ova serrata, Euonymus japonica etc., and 24 points was 23 species Populus tomen tiglandulosa, Juglans sinensis, Sophora japonica etc..

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.91-101
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• 1998

Two large communities of Vicex rotundifolia were discovered for the first time at the beach of Pyonsanbando National Park. The growth environment and morphological characters of the communities were examined and analyzed to provide some basal data which would be helpful to establish measures for protection and to utilize the communities rationally. The results are as follows; The habitats of Vitex rotundifolia are located at Chakeundang beach of Kyokpo-ri and Kosapo beach of Woonsan-ni, Pyonsan-myon in Pyonsanbando National Park. The total area of this two communities was measured to be 2,755m$^{2}$ and 523m$^{2}$ of it was damaged. Two varieties, 49 species, 43 genera and 28 families as trees and shrubs were collected from inside of and the vicinal areas of the communities. Koelreuteria paniculata and Rosa rugosa were discovered and collected in these areas for the first time to be documented with the communities of Vitex rotundifolia. The largest individual of Vitex rotundifolia within the polulations reaches or 3.5cm in diameter at root collar and 6m in length of the runner on aboveground. The individuals of Vitex rotundifolia within the communities show good growth condition which the mean leaf length was measured to be 4.5cm, the mean leaf width 3.3cm, the mean leaf area 11.8cm$^{2}$ and the mean flower length 10.0cm. Vitex rotundifolia has been mostly recorded to be an evergreen shrub. But the present study discovered that it is rather deciduous.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.378-398
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• 2017

Mt. Deoktaesan(1,113 m) is located in Jinan-gun Baekun-myon and Jangsu-gun Chunchun-myon. Investigated area was decided to include Mt. Deoktaesan, Mt. Seongaksan and its neighbor area, and this study was conducted from March to October, 2015 in 12 days. Based on the voucher, vascular plants in Mt. Deoktaesan were 108 families 341 genera 525 species 4 subspecies 64 varieties 14 forms, totally 607 taxa, which is 12.4% of total Korean flora. Korean endemic plants were 15 species. Among these species, Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee, Campanula takesimana Nakai and Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai are verified as planted species. Rare and endangered plants of designated by Korea Forest Service were 10 taxa, such as Peucedanum hakuunense Nakai, Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann, Eranthis stellata Maxim., Eranthis stellata Maxim., Viola albida Palib., Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton, Campanula takesimana Nakai, Tricyrtis macropoda Miq. and Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, respectively. Phytogeographical special plants were totally 41 taxa, which were grade 17 taxa of garde I, 12 taxa of grade II, 12 taxa of grade III, 8 taxa of grade IV, and 1 taxon of grade V.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.105-122
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• 2012

This study was carried out to illuminate the flora of vascular plants of islands at Chungnam. This study was conducted from March to November, 2010. Based on the voucher, vascular plants of in investigated islands were 105 families 326 genera 454 species 4 subspecies 45 varieties 9 forms, totally 512 taxa. Korean endemic plants were 6 species such as Aster koraiensis, Salix koriyanagi, Indigofera koreana, Hemerocallis taeanensis, Hepatica insularis, Philadelphus schrenckii, rare and endangered plants of designated by Korea Forest Service were 4 taxa, such as Magnolia kobus (planted), Koelreuteria paniculata, Berchemia racemosa var. magna, Glehnia littoralis respectively. Phytogeographical special plants were totally 69 taxa, which were grade I of 50 taxa, grade II of 1 axon, grade III of 11 taxa, grade IV of 4 taxa, and grade V of 3 taxa. 14 southern plants and 4 northern plant by criterion from climate change study were found in this area. Naturalized plants were 17 families 46 taxa, that was 9.1% of total vascular plants in this area. Even naturalized plants has not influence on the islands vegetation. However, regular passenger ferry between islands and increasing of visiter will be affecting vegetation.