• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the levels of job satisfaction and self-evaluated foodservice quality of dietitians in elementary schools. Out of 130 questionnaires distributed to the elementary school dietitians in In-cheon, 127 were returned and analyzed (98% response rate). The questionnaire included two multiple-item scales for measuring job satisfaction and foodservice quality, respectively. All the items in the scales were coded 1 to 5 for certainly no, no, neutral, yes, and certainly yes and grouped by using factor analyses. Most of the responding dietitians were working for schools in urban areas and had independently-managed on-site kitchens. The 23 items measuring job satisfaction were grouped into 4 factors: Job Duty, Job Condition, Physical Work Environment, and Organizational Environment. The satisfaction score was the highest for Organizational Environment with a value of 3.38 and the least for Physical Work Environment with a value of 2.08. The 22 items measuring foodservice quality were grouped into 5 factors and the mean scores of the levels of Cleanliness, Internal Food quality, External Food quality, Intangible Service Environment and Tangible Service Environment were 4.20, 3.89, 3.54, 3.45 and 2.64, respectively. The levels of job satisfaction and foodservice quality were positively associated with a correlation coefficient of 0.288 (p < 0.01). In particular, the level of job satisfaction was positively associated with foodservice quality in the aspect of Cleanliness, Internal Food Quality, and Intangible Service Environment. The results show that improving dietitians' job satisfaction could contribute to increasing the levels of foodseivice quality of elementary schools.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.188-201
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of online home learning in connection with extracurricular activities for lifelong education for the disabled in university on the cooking aids skills of cafeterias for the job search persons with developmental disabilities. Three people with job search developmental disabilities who have been in a state of unemployment for three years after graduating from a special high school course participated in the experiment. In order to verify the meaningful functional relationship between independent variables and dependent variables, multiple probe design across subjects, one of the main techniques of a single object study, was used. The experimental conditions according to the research design consisted of the steps of baseline, intervention, maintenance, and generalization. The dependent variable of this study is the restaurant cooking aid skills in the cafeteria, and three subskills such as side dish arrangement, sink arrangement, and dish washing were combined by task analysis. And the independent variable of this study was composed of procedures and methods to teach the environment, tools and materials related to the performance of dependent variables to the developmental disabled people at home by using real-time image technique through zoom service, and the contents of the performance by stages of task analysis. In addition, independent variables were applied to the subjects in the course of the extracurricular activities with the theme and contents of lifelong education for the disabled at university. Students who completed the above extracurricular activities practiced the intervention scene of the researcher through the screen sharing of zoom service. As a result, the subjects with developmental disabilities effectively acquired and maintained the positive response performance of dependent variables through independent variables. The subjects also showed high positive responses to generalization tests conducted in kitchens in cafeterias located elsewhere in the same university.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2022

Background and Purpose: In 2021, lung cancer in school food workers was first recognized as an occupational cancer. The classification of the carcinogenicity of cooking fumes by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was based on Chinese epidemiological data. This study aimed to determine the hazard levels of school cooking fumes in Korea. Materials and Methods: Based on public school cafeterias in one area, 25 locations were selected for the survey according to the number per school type, ventilation states, and environmental pre-assessments of cafeterias. Two inside cooking areas using a heat source and one outside cooking area were selected as control measurement points. Measurements of CO, CO₂, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), including benzene, formaldehyde, and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, respectively), were taken. The concentrations and patterns of each substance in the kitchens were compared with the outdoor air quality. Result: Known carcinogens, such as the concentrations of PAHs, formaldehyde, TVOC (benzene), and particulate matter in school cooking fumes, were all detected at similar or slightly higher levels than those found outside. Additionally, substances were detected at relatively low concentrations compared to the Chinese cooking fumes reported in the literature. However, the short-term exposure to high concentrations of CO (or composite exposure with CO₂) and PM2.5 in this study were shown. Conclusion: The school cooking fumes in South Korea was a relatively less harmful than Chinese cooking fumes, however short-term, high exposure of toxic substances can cause a critical health effect.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1155-1169
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Unhealthy food choices among young adults are common globally, and the incidence of chronic diseases, such as obesity, is rising. Food literacy (FL) is important for improving and maintaining individual health in a rapidly changing food environment and can form the basis for following a sustainable diet. Therefore, it is essential to improve FL among young adults, particularly college students, who are in the formative years of their lifelong food habits. This study examined the facilitators and barriers of FL and related dietary behavior among college students in South Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study recruited 25 college students with different residence types using convenience and snowball sampling. In-person, telephone, and video interviews were conducted from March to November 2021. The interview data were analyzed using framework analysis based on the socio-ecological model. RESULTS: At the individual level, prior good experiences with food were the most frequently mentioned facilitator. In contrast, the major barriers were a lack of knowledge, financial hardship, irregular schedules, and academic stress. At the interpersonal level, the influences of family and peers, such as early exposure to healthy eating habits and opportunities to have easy accessibility to farms and farming, are major facilitators, but the lack of a sense of community was the major barrier. At the environmental level, the major barriers were unfavorable food environments at home and in neighborhoods, such as the absence of kitchens in housing and large packaging of produce at markets. CONCLUSIONS: Many factors affected the students' FL and related healthy eating practices. These findings suggest that a campus-based FL program should be developed by reflecting on these facilitators and barriers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.5-22
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• 1969

The urban population of our country is rapidly increasing due to many factors of social structure, and sociologists are predicting that the increase rate of the urban population will be over 50% in 1980's. Above all, the population of the capital city of Seoul, is at present more than four millions. Such centring of people in cities, together with the improvement of the standards of living, caused rapid increase in the amount of fuel consumption, and this consumption of fuels became one of the primary sources of the air pollution in cities. Moreover, the heavy traffic, construction of many tall buildings, and the increasing number of new factories due to the industrial development-all these are contributing to make the matter of air pollution worse and worse in the Metropolitan, whose geographical location is quite unfavorable considered from the view point of air pollution. Most homes in Seoul use briquet as fuel, while oils are used in tall buildings. The CO, $SO_2$, and smoke that come from burning of these fuels are a great threat to the health of the urban population. With the purpose of examining the influence of air pollution upon the public health, written inquiries were made upon respiratory diseases, and the carboxyhemoglobin saturation in the blood was measured to determine whether the air pollution may affect the health of the urban population. Method of Health Examination (1) Investigation of Respiratory Diseases Patients' records were examined to figure out the monthly ambulance rate of respiratory patients to the total number of patients treated. On the other hand, by using the questionnaire form approved by the Medical Research Council's Committee on Research into Chronic Bronchitis, investigators interviewed the examinees and inquired into the respiratory symptoms. (2) Measuring of Carboxyhemoglobin Saturation From the ear lobe of the examinees, with the use of the melangeur for the white blood cell counting, blood was taken, and after diluting it ten times with 0.1% $Na{2}CO_{3}$, again diulting it 20 times with 0.5% $Na_{2}\;CO_{3}$, its absorbancy was measured. The following results are obtained from the investigation. (1) It was found out that 7.7% of the total patients under treatment were suffering from upper respiratory infection, acute or chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema and bronchiectasis. Of them all, patients with upper respiratory infection numbered the greatest with 4.8% and patients with acute or chronic bronchitis the next with 2.1%, and their monthly ambulance rate was high from December to February during the winter, and from April to May and from September to October during the changeable seasons. (2) The daily ambulance rate of respiratory patients, it was revealed, had a close connection with the concentration of $SO_2$ and CO in the air. (3) It was found out that men were more subject to respiratory disease than women, and both men and women were more liable to the diseases with the advancing of age. (4) People living at Choong-ku with the heavy traffic and in the industrial zones of Yeungdungpo had high frequency of respiratory symptoms. (5) Considered from the view point of occupations, high frequency was found among those without job, with jobs unknown, merchants and intdustrial workers, whose social status was rather low and traffic policemen who were always exposed to the exhaust gas of cars. As for women, the frequency was detected in the order of those from high to low, housewives who were exposed to briquet gas, women with jobs unknown, women without jobs, whose social status was low. (6) Ex-smokers rather than smokers, of both sexes, had higher frequency. As for men, heavy smokers had high frequency, while in women light smokers had rather high frequency which was presumed to be due to their average old age. (7) Men's average of carboxyhemoglobin saturation was 9.48%, while women's was 11.3%, higher than men's. (p<0.05). Age meant no difference in the case of men, but as for women, the saturation was remarkably high between the ages from 20 to 60. (8) No regional difference was detected in the carboxyhemoglobin saturation. (9) The carboxyhemoglobin saturation was found, in the case of men, in the order of office workers, traffic policemen, students, the unemployed, merchants and industrial workers, drivers; and as for women, the order was housewives, office workers, merchants and industrial workers. (10) No significant correlation was found between the carboxyhemoglobin saturation and the concentration of CO detected in kitchens, or between the carhoxyhemoglobin saturation and the passing of time after exposure to briquet gas. No difference of carboxyhemoglobin saturation was detected between smokers and non-smokers, and the degrees of smoking; only, significant negative correlation was found between the passing of time after smoking and the carboxyhemoglobin saturation. It is ture that air pollution causes or aggravates the respiratory diseases, increases the carboxyhemoglobin saturation in the blood, but what seems to be more hazardous to the health is the air polluted by the briquet gas in the kitchens and on-dol rooms rather than the atmospheric air pollution.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.278-285
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 유치원과 학부모를 대상으로 영양사 배치유무에 따른 유치원 급식 실태와 급식 만족도를 평가하여 유치원에 영양사 배치의 필요성과 보다 체계적인 유치원 급식운영을 위한 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 유치원의 급식을 위한 취사 시설은 영양사 배치 유치원의 경우 조리실과 급식실이 100%인 반면 미배치 유치원은 조리실이 100%이었다(p<0.001). 급식을 위한 식단 작성자는 영양사 배치 유치원이 영양사가 100%인 반면, 미배치 유치원은 원장(52.2%), 선생님(47.8%)의 순이었다(p<0.001). 유치원에서 제공하는 급식의 분량은 원아의 나이와 체격에 따라 다르게 준다(47.9%)가 가장 높았고, 유치원 급식운영에 있어서 가장 어려운 점은 운반 및 배식시의 유아의 안전(31.3%), 인력 부족(18.8%)의 순이었으며, 유치원 급식의 개선 및 발전 방향은 영양이 고른 다양한 식단(39.6%), 더욱 적극적인 식습관 지도(33.3%), 급식시설의 개선 및 인력 확충(27.1%)의 순이었고, 이들은 모두 영양사 유무에 따라서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 학부모의 실제 급식현장 방문이나 급식운영 참여 경험은 영양사 배치 유치원 학부모가 급식 현장을 직접 방문해 본 경험이 더 많은 것으로 나타나 유의한 차이를 보였다. 급식운영에 참여한 분야는 전체적으로 급식행사 참여(52.9%), 식재료 검수(41.2%), 배식도우미(5.9%)의 순으로 급식행사 참관에서 가장 높은 응답률을 보였다. 급식운영에 참여하고 싶은 의지도 영양사 배치 유치원 학부모의 53.8%가 있다고 답해 미배치 학부모의 37.1%보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.01). 급식에 참여하고 싶은 분야는 영양사 배치 유치원 학부모의 경우 배식도우미에서 가장 높은 응답률을 보인 반면, 미배치는 식재료 검수에서 높아 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 유치원 선택 시 급식을 고려하는지에 대해 영양사 배치 유치원 학부모의 경우 61.0%가 그렇다고 답해 미배치의 18.5%보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.001). 유치원 급식운영 개선 및 발전방안은 친환경, 유기농 제품을 이용한 급식운영(41.9%), 영양이 고른 다양한 식단(30.9%), 더욱 적극적인 식습관 지도(24.0%) 순이었다. 급식만족도, 급식의 맛, 메뉴의 다양성, 메뉴의 균형, 자녀의 급식만족도, 급식시설, 급식 위생의 모든 7가지 항목에서 영양사 배치 유치원 학부모의 점수가 유의하게 높았으며, 급식만족도의 평균 점수도 영양사 배치 유치원 학부모가 4.1점으로 미배치의 3.7점보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.001). 이상의 결과를 종합할 때 영양사 배치 유치원의 급식상태 및 학부모의 급식 만족도가 미배치 유치원보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2014

Today, the number of the elderly living alone without any family members is on a sharp rise, and those aged people living alone are making these social issues such as solitary death, depression and suicide more popular. In order to resolve the issues, some of the local governments have been supporting the elderly living alone in common houses that would be used by senior citizens only. This study became interested in this 'carnation house' which has been carried out targeting the elderly living alone in Gyeonggi-do, and selected elementary universal design factors that should be applied to general residential environments of the aged people and analyzed the factors. As a case study, this research investigated four carnation houses as research subjects and came up with these following ideas about how to make improvements. First, the study found out that all the entrances did not have raised letters and that UD has not been satisfactorily applied to both the thresholds and the effective widths, and that is considered something to be fixed. Second, in case of regular rooms and living rooms, none of the rooms failed to have safety doorknobs which should have been installed and plus, thresholds and stepped pulleys need to be removed, Third, it goes the same with the kitchens, and the thresholds should be eliminated while cabinets are secured. In addition, furniture that understands the elderly's measurements should be used. Fourth, in terms of restrooms, they should be designed to be spacious enough not to cause anyone in wheelchairs inconvenience, and the study suggests that the effective widths should be widened and that both the safety doorknobs and the emergency calls must be installed. Basically, after the test on the UD adaptability, the study concluded that the application rates in connection with the adaptability were low which led the study to assume that such result has been gained due to the lack of installation standards in relation to the common living facilities of the elderly. The study now argues that purposes of buildings should be first clarified and then, these detailed space planning guidelines that deal with general characteristics of the aged people should be established.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.77-80
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• 1969

In the cities nowadays, the dwelling conditions of Cackroach are provided by use of various kinds of construction material, installation of heating and cooling facilities that maintain moderate temperature, filthy sanitation, and lack of knowledge about insect as mechanical Vector. Cakroach is infectious disease Vector, and it proves to be of much importance in the public health. Considering such importance, the author has surveyed the distribution of Cackroach in the housing areas of Seoul City from May 1969 to the end of August 1969, and has come to the following conclusion: 1. House dwelling Cackroach collected in the City of Seoul are of two species, i. e. Blatella Germanica Linneaus and Periplaneta Japonica Karny. 2. Most of cackroach collected in Seoul are Blatella Germanica Linneaus and they are distributed in whole area of Seoul while that of Periplaneta Japonica Karny is distributed only in the limited area. 3. Dwelling places of Blatella Germanica Lineaus are in grog shop, Korean food restaurants, bakery shops, and patient rooms in hospitals. Many of them are found in tile kitchens and dining rooms of restaurants, and tearooms. They live in groups at older houses with much crack, warm and humid places. 4. For method of collection, the hand collection was the most effective. In trap collection during the day time, when the trap is placed at the narrow corners off the ground after confirming the dwelling places of cackroach, the match trap was more effective than the flask trap in collecting. In case of collecting during the night time, the flask trap was much more effective method than the match trap.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2005

본 연구는 노인주거시설 단위주호의 부엌을 대상으로 하여 사용 실태 및 거주자의 요구를 조사한 것이다. 지금까지의 노인주거에 관한 연구를 보면, 포괄적이고 대안적이어서 자세한 차원의 노인주거생활에 대한 연구로는 부족했다. 그러므로 노인에게 적합한 한국형 노인주거의 부엌 계획을 개시하고자 한다. 이에 따라, 우리는 대표적인 노인시설 4곳을 직접 방문하여, 독립적으로 또는 공동으로 시설에 거주하는 65세 이상 건강한 노인을 대상으로 하여 조사가 진행되었다. 4개의 시설에 각각 2단위주호를 방문하여 총 8개의 부엌을 조사 하였고,조사대상자의 단위주호의 공간계획과 부엌가구의 디자인을 살펴보고, 실측하였으며 또한, 조사대상자의 만족과 선호 그리고 부엌사용에 관한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사한 결과, 시설에서 제공하는 식사서비스를 이용하는가에 따라 부엌의 이응정도와 사용방법 지 차이를 발견할 수 있었다. 식사서비스를 이용하는 거주자에게는 차나 다과의 준비를 위한 공간만이 필요함을 알 수 있었고 단위주호 내에서 직접 식사를 하는 거주자는 좀 더 큰 수납장과 다용도실이 추가적으로 필요하였다. 안전과 기능적인 측면으로는 잘 디자인되어 있었고, 대체로 세탁기는 부엌 수납장에 빌트인 되어 있었는데 대부분의 거주자들은 이 것에 만족하고 있었다. 본 연구결과 노인의 거주양상과 생활방식의 차이에 관한 연구를 통한 한국형 노인주거시설의 부엌 계획을 위한 기초자료로 활용되어지기를 기대한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.438-449
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• 2016

Objectives: Exposure to airborne bacteria is associated with adverse health effects such as respiratory and infectious diseases. This study evaluated airborne bacterial concentrations in the living rooms, kitchens, and toilets of 30 homes. Methods: Bacteria were sampled with an MAS100 impactor in three spaces in the subject homes between April 2014 and February 2015. Bacteria were grown on TSA plates for 48 hours at $35^{\circ}C$. The bacterial strains were isolated and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Results: The most culturable bacteria were found in toilets ($624.0CFU/m^3$, GM: $417.3CFU/m^3$), followed by in the kitchen ($503.8CFU/m^3$, GM: $324.9CFU/m^3$). The dominant genera identified were: Staphylococcus sp.(19%), Micrococcus sp.(16%), and Bacillus sp.(11%) in the indoor air and Bacillus sp. (30%) in the outdoor air. Gram-positive bacteria comprised more than half of all colonies. Conclusion: In this study, culturable bacteria concentrations were higher than those reported in other spaces. Therefore, it is important to control relative humidity and remove moisture to prevent bacteria from multiplying. Additionally, the dominant species in indoor air were Staphylococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp. These are found on the human skin, mucous membranes, and hair, so human activity can affect bacterial distribution. Therefore, cleaning and controlling moisture are important for reducing indoor bacterial concentrations.