• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.221-228
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• 2015

In this research traditional Buddhist dietary life style was studied as an alternative for both saving water and decreasing water pollution from household. A traditional dietary life style for the Buddhist monks, called Balwoo Gongyang, and its modernized one for citizens, called Dish Gongyang were examined with water use amount, wastewater quality and pollutant loading rate, and were compared with the kitchen wastewater from household. And several types of natural detergent were also examined to compare their effect on the wastewater quality and pollutant loading rate. This research was carried out using the wastewater from Balwoo and Dish Gongyang in J building located in Seoul. Wastewater generation from Balwoo Gongyang that was about $1.0{\ell}$/capita/day was very low compare to that from dish washing in normal household($32.6{\ell}$/capita/day). In case of Dish Gongyang, water generation was 1.8 times higher than that from Balwoo Gongyang, but it was just 1/19.2 of normal household. When the wastewater quality of Balwoo Gongyang was compared with the kitchen wastewater of normal household, SS was 1/16($15mg/{\ell}$), COD was 1/7($22.1mg/{\ell}$), BOD was 1/9($24.1mg/{\ell}$) and T-N was 1/16($1.7mg/{\ell}$). Pollutant loading rate from Balwoo Gongyang was very low, COD 18.0 mg/capita/day, SS 12.3 mg/capita/day and it was 1/290, 1/639 of that from dish washing wastewater from normal household, respectively. Pollutant loading rate from Dish Gongyang was also low 1/13(SS)~1/144(TN) compared to dish washing wastewater from normal household. As a natural detergent, used water from washing rice showed very low pollutant loading rate. It was concluded that Dish Gongyang that was a modernized and simplified dietary life style of Balwoo Gongyang, was very eco-friendly. Especially when it was combined with natural detergents using by-product from cooking process, its effect on the water pollution was very low.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 1996

The pulverized wastes originated from kitchen garbage grinder cause an additional load in sewage treatment plant and water environment. Therefore, several problems occur in sewer, such as microbial corrosion, odor, psychoda and fly interrupting flow of sewage etc. by their precipitation with earth and sand. This study was conducted on two experiments: hydrogen sulfide gas generation from sediments in sewer and anaerobic batch test. In anaerobic batch test, gas generation was increased when organic compounds were increased in concentration. Sulfide was decreased upon decreasing in sulfate concentration. In $H_2S$ gas generation test along the depth of sediments there were two different sampling sites which are apart from about 50 cm each other in a menhole. The one has the thickness of 55 cm from the surface, the other, of 60 cm. The hydrogen sulfide gas production rates were measured based on ranges from 0 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm, 20 to 30 cm for two samples. The results obtained were 1.08, between 0 to 10 cm in depth for the sample thickness of 55 cm and 3.07, 5.36, $5.42{\mu}g/g-VS{\cdot}hr$ in order of depth for the sample thickness of 60 cm, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.55-69
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• 2011

Use of disposer at the kitchens of Korean apartments is inevitable in treating their foodwaste having a water content of more than 80%. Also we have to ensure that this extra disposer-foodwaste BOD loadings be treated properly by installing/operating a pre-treatment system before this wastewater enters public sewer system. However, the degree of BOD removal should not be excessive since a BOD/N ratio higher than 5 is required for removing N/P at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The removal of BOD/N in the pretreatment system rather than BOD alone can be an alternative solution in solving this problem. The particles separated by sedimentation, screen or packed-bed can be anaerobically digested at apartment sites to generate biogas that can be used for simple digester heating and to generate volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for nitrogen removal. We suggest that Korean government grants a temporary license (say for 5 years) to foodwaste treatment companies in collaboration with apartment construction companies which may do business and develop various kinds of disposer-foodwaste treatment systems in diverse wastewater discharge systems of Korean apartments.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2002

This study examined the effect of carbonized wastewoods on purification of waste water. The purification ability of charcoals(lump-shaped, approximately 3×3×3 cm) maded by wood-based material for waste water from a kitchen and septic tank was superior to those of thinned wood. For lump-shaped charcoal, gaps between particles in particleboard, and gaps between fibers in MDF were much more effective than micropore in purification of waste water. After purification test, color of waste water from wood-based material charcoals were much more lighter than thinned wood charcoals. In addition, odors of waste water from both charcoals tended to be decreased.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.869-877
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the trends and patterns of variou kind of water uses in a household by metering in Korea. Water use components are classified by toilet, washbowl, bathing, laundry, kitchen, etc. Flow meters are installed in 146 household selected by sampling in all around Korea. The data are gathered by web-based data collection system from the year 2002 to 2006, considering pre-investigated data such as occupation, revenue, family members, housing types, age, floor area, water saving devices, education, etc. Reliable data are selected by upper fence method for each observed water use component and statistical characteristics are estimated for each residential type to determine liter per capita per day. Estimated domestic per capita day show an indoor water use with the range from $150{\ell}pcd$ to $169{\ell}pcd$ for each housing type as the order of high rise apartment, multi-house, and single house. As the order of consuming amount among water use components, it is investigated that toilet($38.5{\ell}pcd$) is the first, and the second is laundry water($30.8{\ell}pcd$), the third is kitchen($28.4{\ell}pcd$), the fourth is bathtub($24.7{\ell}pcd$), the next is washbowl($15.4{\ell}pcd$). The results are compared with water uses in U.K. and U.S. As life style has been changed into western style, pattern of water use in Korea is tend to be similar with the U.S. water use pattern. Compared with the surveying results by Bradley, on 1985. Thirty liter of total use increased with the advancement of economic level, and a little change of water use pattern can be found. Especially, toilet water take almost half part of total water use and laundry water shows lowest as 11% in surveying at the year of 1985. But, this study shows that 39 liter, 28% of toilet water, has been decreased by the spread of saving devices and campaign. It is supposed that the spread large sized laundry machine make by-hand laundry has been decreased and water use increased. Unit water amount of each end-use in household can be applied to design factor for water and wastewater facilities, and it play a role as information in establishing water demand forecasting and conservation policy.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5B
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• pp.595-601
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the trends and patterns of various kind of water uses in a household by metering in Korea. Water use components are classified by toilet, washbowl, bathing, laundry, kitchen, miscellaneous. Flow meters are installed in 140 household selected by sampling in all around Korea. The data are gathered by web-based data collection system from the year 2002 to 2006, considering pre-investigated data such as occupation, revenue, family members, housing types, age, floor area, water saving devices, education, miscellaneous. Reliable data are selected by upper fence method for each observed water use component and statistical characteristics are estimated for each residential type to determine liter per capita per day. Estimated domestic per capita day show an indoor water use with the range from 150 lpcd to 169 lpcd for each housing type as the order of high rise apartment, multi-house, and single house. As the order of consuming amount among water use components, it is investigated that toilet (38.5 lpcd) is the first, and the second is laundry water (30.8 lpcd), the third is kitchen (28.4 lpcd), the fourth is bathtub (24.7 lpcd), the next is washbowl (15.4 lpcd). The results are compared with water uses in U.K. and U.S. As life style has been changed into western style, pattern of water use in Korea is tend to be similar with the U.S. water use pattern. Compared with the surveying results by Bradley, on 1985. Thirty liter of total use increased with the advancement of economic level, and a little change of water use pattern can be found. Especially, toilet water take almost half part of total water use and laundry water shows lowest as 11% in surveying at the year of 1985. But, this study shows that 39 liter, 28% of toilet water, has been decreased by the spread of saving devices and campaign. It is supposed that the spread large sized laundry machine make by-hand laundry has been decreased and water use increased. Unit water amount of each end-use in household can be applied to design factor for water and wastewater facilities, and it play a role as information in establishing water demand forecasting and conservation policy.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5B
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• pp.603-614
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• 2008

End-uses of household water have been changed by a life style, housing type, weather, water rate and water supply facilities etc. and those variables can be considered as an internal and exogenous factors to estimate long-term demand forecasts. Analysis of influential factors on water consumption in households would give an explanation to cause on the change of trend and would help predicting the water demand of end-use in household. The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand trends and patterns of household water uses by metering and questionnaire such as occupation, revenue, numbers of family member, housing types, age, floor area and installation of water saving device, etc. The peak water uses were shown at Saturday among weekdays and July in a year based on the analysis results of water use pattern. A steep increase of total water volume can be found in the analysis of water demand trend according to temperature from $-14^{\circ}C$ to $0^{\circ}C$, while there are no significant variations in the phase of more than $0^{\circ}C$, with an almost stable demand. Washbowl water shows the highest and toilet water shows the lowest relation with temperature in correlation analysis results. In the results of ANOVA to find the significant difference in each unit water use by exogenous factors such as housing type, occupation, number of generation, residential area and income et al., difference was shown in bathtub water by housing type and shown in kitchen, toilet and miscellaneous water by numbers of resident. Especially, definite differences in components except washbowl and bathtub water, could be found by numbers of resident. Based on the result, average residents in a house should be carefully considered and the results can be applied as reference information, in decision making process for predicting water demand and establishing water conservation policy. It is expected that these can be used as design factors in planning stage for water and wastewater facilities.