• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.72-81
• /
• 2011

Backgrounds: Sticking warm and hot herbs to acupoint in Dog-Days where the strongest Yangqi takes place, Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days is one of Oriental medical treatment to cure winter diseases in the summer. This treatment is widespread in China and Taiwan, and is becoming popular in South Korea nowadays. Objectives: The research has been conducted to evaluate the influencial factors and efficacy in Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days. Methods: We visited one kindergarten in Dog-Days of 2010, and attached pills which are made of Sinapis Semen(白芥子), Corydalis Tuber(玄胡索), Asari Herba Cum Radix(細辛), Juice of Zingiber Officinale(薑汁) to BL-13(肺兪), BL-15(心兪), BL-17(膈兪) of 56 children for 4-6 hours(34 boys, 22 girls, $52.64{\pm}16.85$ months, 19-78 months). Exacerbating effect or non-significant changes in respiratory symptoms before and after the treatment were ified.. The influentialfactors of efficacy were analyzed by Pearson's $x^2$-test and Fisher's exact test. In addition, the efficacy and satisfaction among once, twice, and three times treatment groups were verified by ANOVA. Results: 27 children (48.2%) were effective, but efficacy felt by parents is 45 cases (80.4%). Sex, perspiration, stool, urine, sleep, cold of hands and feet, cold sensitivity, and frequency of Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days has no relation to efficacy(p>0.05). However, the efficacy is poor in 1 and 2 age(p=0.030). Difference among efficacy of once, twice, and three times treatment groups is not significant(p=0.069), whereas there are linear association in frequency of Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days and efficacy(p=0.030). 36 parents (64.3%) are satisfied with Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days, and we observed significant difference among once, twice, three times treatment groups(p=0.041). 19 parents (33.9%) had been known about Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days, but 53 parents (94.6%) wanted repetition, and 41 parents (73.2%) intended to recommend it to acquaintance. Side effects are minor itching in two cases. Twenty seven participants showed positive effect, and forty five people (80.4%) felt beneficial. Sex, perspiration, stool, urine, sleep, cold hands and feet, sensitivity in cold, and frequency of Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days has no relation to the efficacy(p>0.05). Though the efficacy was poor in one and two year old infants, it was linearly correlated with the frequency count and responses from the treatment (p=0.030). Thirty six participants (64.3%) satisfied with the treatment, and so did the first, second, and third participant groups (p=0.041). Even though, only nineteen participants (33.9%) were familiar with Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days, fifty three participants (94.6%) preferred to repeat the treatment, and 41 parents were preferable to recommend the treatment to others. Side effects of minor itching has been reported in a couple cases. Conclusions: Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days is effective in children older than three year old. The effect would be greater when going through the treatment three times. Based on significant satisfaction, intention of repetition and recommendation, strong promotion on Dog-Days are needed to make a better use of Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days for the effective treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.772-783
• /
• 2015

This study focuses on horticultural activities using colorful food to reduce diets unbalanced in vegetables and to increase emotional intelligence. Horticultural activities using colorful food vegetables were based on 'Health in Daily Life' in the '7th Kindergarten Curriculum'; to improve the dietary habits of the young children, the program was also linked with a parents' education program. The research was conducted with a total of 70 children from classes for four-year-olds in three child-care centers located in Seoul. The horticultural activities based upon nutrition education included activities using colorful food vegetables and nutrition education. For the nutrition education group, only nutrition education was provided, while neither horticultural activities nor nutrition education were provided to the control group. The study was conducted from September to December 2011. A total of twelve sessions were conducted once a week for 60 minutes each. According to the result, after the horticultural activities with colorful food vegetable were conducted, both the nutrition education group and horticultural activity & nutrition education group showed improvements in 'Nutrition Knowledge' compared to the control group. Regarding 'Unbalanced Diet Behaviors', the horticultural activities & nutrition education group showed meaningful decreases compared to the control group. Moreover for preference of fruits and vegetables, the horticultural activities & nutrition education group revealed meaningful improvements. In conclusion, colorful food vegetable horticultural activity could be an effective approach to resolve the imbalance of health caused by unbalanced diets as children who participated in the colorful food vegetable horticultural activities continued to respond spontaneously to the colors of vegetables and fruits and showed joy and kept voluntarily eating them.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.69-81
• /
• 2018

Recently, user participatory workshops have been applied as a way to plan landscape spaces that reflects the needs and demands of the users. It is also required to improve the quality of the FECC (Forest Experience Center for Children), which is growing rapidly. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to deduct the design elements (forest play activities and space), the basic needs, and the demands of users in making the FECC a preschooler participatory workshop. For this, materials for preschooler participation were selected, and a step-by-step workshop was conducted to satisfy the demands of the preschooler's development. First, in the pre-workshops phase, design elements standards were deducted through the preschooler participatory results (41 children aged 6 and 7, Kindergarten). Second, in the main workshop phase, the design elements to be introduced on the site (Songsan-mulbit FECC) were deducted through the participating preschooler's selection and those results were analyzed. The materials used at the preschooler participatory process were 'drawing a picture' in the pre-workshop phase, and the design elements and the standard types charts were the forest play activity pictogram chart, and the forest play space general images chart in the main workshop. As for results, frst, there are 38 standard types of forest play activities that have been deducted. It consists of 27 cognitive activities (functional 16, constructive 4, symbolic 4, game on rule 3), 9 games (sensory 5, other 4), and two social play activities (solo, group). There are 21 standard types of forest play spaces. They consist of 8 play facility spaces (5 facility, 3 natural), 2 water spaces, and 11 spaces of 5 types. Second, as a result of applying the results to the site, the forest play activities to be introduced on the site were selected, and the functional play was most selected. Additionally, climbing and water play were most selected as the unit activities. Also, functional, constructive, symbolic, games based on rules were selected, even in the preschooler's development play. In the case of the forest play spaces to be introduced in the site, the preschooler's selection results by sex and age tended to be similar to the preschooler's comprehensive selection results, but the boys preferred function and adventure spaces more than the girls, while the girls preferred rest spaces more than the boys. This result is similar to the previous study results, which directly observed the preschooler's forest play behavior, and analysis that the preschooler recognized the site and selected the design elements introduced on the site. Therefore, the participatory workshop process and the materials process in this study are analyzed and applied to the purpose of the study. It is valuable as a case to be applied in design of the FECC from this point forward.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 1986

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the Marital Satisfaction Scale(M.S.S) is properly applicable to Korean couples and further to be devoted to the designed of a marital satisfaction scale for Korea. The scale employed in this study was a Korean adaptation of the M.S.S., which originally included 73 items but was reduced to 48 through a study of its validity by Bowden. This scale was administered to 420 couples. One kindergarten, two elementary schools, one middle school, and four high schools, all of them located in Seoul or its satellite cities were selected for the present study. The results of the study were as follows. 1) Through item analysis, 85.4% of the total items showed a high index of discrimination, i.e, of more than +.40, which all was significant discrimination (P<0.001) excluding two items. 2)Factor analysis, which was oriented toward combining factors proper to theory, showed that the M.S.S. consisted of 6 factors and its total variance was 50.18%. The 6 factors were marital satisfaction (factor 1), marital social psychological companionship (factor 2), obstacles to marriage (factor 3), dissatisfaction of marital relationship (factor 4), attitude of the reasonable marital relationship (factor 5), and cognition of married life (factor 6), 3) internal consistency reliability of the M.S.S. was 0.951 and the reliability of the total items after excluding two through item analysis 0.956 and 0.949 respectively, which showed a high internal consistency 4) The marital satisfaction examined by the M.S.S showed significant differences according to sex, education , income, the duration of marriage, the number of children but no significant differences according to age, and family type. From these results, it will be concluded that the M.S.S is a reliable and valid psychological scale for examining marital satisfaction of Korean couples. The limitations of this study were as follows. 1) It can not be generalized to all Korean couples because the subjects was sampled from Seoul or satellite cities. 2)The factor analysis in this study was oriented toward combining factors proper to theory. However, it was very difficult to find out the factors because the components of the M.S.S. was more or less abstract. Thus, from these results some suggestions follow for developing the marital satisfaction scale proper to Korean couples systematically and scientifically. 1) The subjects must be sampled form urban as well as rural areas 2)Factor analysis in this study is oriented toward finding out factors of the M.S.S. Thus, it is needed to analyze the factor validity or construct validity by multitrait - multimethod of the scale with more theoretical conceptualization. 3) It is necessary to examine whether marital satisfaction shows difference according to couples and psychological variables besides objective demographic variables. 4) More research is needed before the M.S.S. con be adapted into a turely useful marital satisfaction scale for Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2014

In order to resolve the decline in population due to low birthrates, the South Korean government is expanding its free child care policies with an increased budget. In anticipating the effects and problems of our system, it will be worthy of attention to refer to the child care systems of other countries. In this paper, we reviewed the past and present policies and the current situation of the child care system in North Korea. North Korea started its free child care system earlier than that of South Korea, for the purpose of utilizing the women's labor force and rearing children to be revolutionary men of Juche type (Kimilsungism), in order to construct a communistic society. 'Child Care Education Law', which is the legal foundation of the child care system, regulates institutions for nursery schools and kindergarten and informs people that the country is responsible for support of child care. Despite their interest and progress in both quantity and quality in the child care system until the 1980s, the free child care system was partially disrupted, and discrepancies between ideology and actual situation were revealed due to economic difficulties from the 1990s. Because people's survival and physical health have been threatened, it is barely possible to find any study investigating the effect of institutional child care from early childhood and the instillation of unique ideology by group education from the preschool period on mental health.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.187-208
• /
• 2017

This study surveyed 60 early childhood teachers at the kindergartens and day care centers in Incheon Metropolitan City to examine the contents and extent of the teachers' knowledge on early childhood history education by using the definition map designed by Novak and Gowin(1984). To be more specific, the researcher asked the participating teachers through group meetings to draw the definition maps and analyzed them. The results were as follow. First, 11 categories for high level definition of early childhood history education used by early childhood education were identified, among which the most frequently used high level definition were 'life style' followed in order by 'culture/art' and 'great men.' Second, in terms of the average number of dependent definitions included in the given high level definitions, the largest was 'life style' which was followed in order by culture/art, activity methods. It means that the widest area of early childhood teachers' knowledge on early childhood history education was about 'life style,' while it shows that the extent of knowledge on teaching-learning methods was relatively wide. However, in the case of great men, although it was frequently recognized in the high level of definition it was not so in the dependent definitions, meaning the extent of their knowledge was rather narrow. Scholars explain that the higher the teachers' attention and knowledge about the content of curriculum the more options of teaching method they tend to employ to teach in a more extensive and diverged way. Therefore, in order to improve early childhood education, efforts should be more focused on deepening and systemizing the knowledge of early childhood teachers.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.487-501
• /
• 2016

This study aims to establish basic data of operating status for ecological learning facilities in Korea, investigate their characteristics for operating methods, and present proposals for the efficient operation and management of ecological learning facilities. For this purpose, a list of ecological learning facilities in Korea was established and 50 facilities were surveyed about the current status regarding the operation and management. Based on the survey, operation form, interpreter and volunteer, visitor, budget and revenue, promotion method, and other items were analyzed. Concerning the operating forms, most of the facilities were direct-operated facilities by government, and they are operating mainly by officials. Visitors are mostly families on weekends, while kindergarten children are main visitors during weekdays. Most facilities have higher proportion of visitors nationwide, and they get information mainly from websites operated by facilities and related organization. The annual operating budget and revenue depend on the facility size and operating forms, and the direct-operated facilities by government use higher budget compared to commission-operated ones. For the efficient operation of ecological learning, expert with specialized knowledge should participate in the operation, and intuitive and informative websites should be established and continually managed. In addition, it is necessary to support revenue of by national and local governments and to secure external funding network like local companies and donation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.139-161
• /
• 2009

This study explored the services of libraries for babies and toddlers and the possibilities of service expansion through Bookstart as a cooperation system for libraries. This study presented the problems of the services of libraries for toddlers by implementing the questionnaire method and the in-depth interviews. In addition, this study showed the impact of carrying-out this program and why libraries should manage the Bookstart program. Results indicated that: (1) even though the membership enrollment standard of children's libraries is usually from babies and toddlers up to the elementary school students, that of a few libraries is still over elementary school students. This will work on restraining the services of libraries for users, especially toddlers, only 54.8% of libraries services are for the toddlers; (2) by analyzing the perception of librarians, we get to know that librarians think that the age of the first use of a library is more appropriate for kindergarten-agers than toddlers; (3) librarians think positively about the Bookstart and that libraries are more suitable for Bookstart than any other institutions; (4) after the introduction of Bookstart to libraries, many changes happened in respect of the function of libraries and the types of users. For examples, there was an expansion of users to babies and toddlers and their parents, an increase in users, focusing on early-childhood reading education and the strengthening of the role of librarians as program planners in particular. This study suggests that the introduction of Bookstart would bring changes to the concept of traditional libraries and the inflexible attitudes of librarians.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.716-724
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the elementary school dietitian's status and recognition of nutrition education (NE) in Incheon. A cross-sectional study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire and subjects were 100 elementary school dietitians. The results are as follows. As for training in NE, $61.2\%$ of the dietitians attended training in NE. After training in NE, $86.5\%$ of the dietitians who attended training in NE were more concerned about NE. Also $59.5\%$ of the dietitians gave students NE and most of them did as a weekly printout 2-4 times per month. There was a significant difference in experience of NE for teachers between subgroups by experience of training in NE; while $48.1\%$ of the dietitians with training in NE gave teachers NE, $20.0\%$ of the dietitians without training in NE gave teachers NE. The main reason for not giving NE was too much work load and low concern of school administration. Also $96.4\%$ of the dietitians answered that NE is necessary in elementary school and the main reason for being necessary was correction of unbalanced diet and good table manner, As for proper time to start NE for children, $51.8\%$ of dietitians answered 'kindergarten' and $45.8\%$ of them answered 'lower grade of elementary school'. As for effective type for NE, $59.5\%$ of the dietitians answered 'NE as a part of other subject' and $23.8\%$ of them answered 'NE as a separate subject'. Also $79.5\%$ of the dietitians answered 'teacher' as the suitable person for NE. Most of the dietitians recognized menu formation as the ideal major work load and office work as the most time-consuming work load. As to job satisfaction, most of them were dissatisfied with office work and NE. Therefore, it is nationally supported for elementary school students' health and well-being that school dietitians as NE specialists give NE with minimizing their office work and developing a standardized NE program.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.3-11
• /
• 2013

Recently according to increasement of the single family and dual-earner couples, the number of infants and young children stays on a long time to the childcare facilities. this is increasing the importance to improve the physical environment. However, the operating and maintenance costs of the national-public childcare facilities have taken effect of the unfair support issues of municipality's financial situation. Especially, because of the lack of the operating and maintenance costs of the facility and the shortage of facilities equipment maintenance repair costs, nursery operations and Maintenance items are needed to distribute appropriately. Therefore, this study is to estimate the importance to facility operations and maintenance items based on "Kindergarten and Childcare Facilities"presented at the Child Care Policy Study. we are expected to allocate appropriately of operation and maintenance cost of a limited budget. In particular, those can be considered for operation and maintenance cost about the National-Public Childcare Facilities and be determined to a safe and pleasant environment to kindergartens through the appropriate operations and maintenance support.