• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of Tai Chi exercise, Tai Chi self help program, and self help management program on arthritic pain, stiffness, fatigue and difficulties in performing daily activities in patients with osteoarthritis. Method: The pre-post experimental design was utilized with convenient sampling at Public Health Centers. Total of 38 subjects agreed to participate in the study with the inclusion criteria of being diagnosed as osteoarthritis and no previous regular exercise. The 12 subjects were assigned to Tai Chi exercise group, 13 subjects to Tai Chi exercise combined with self help management program, and the other 13 to self help management program. Tai Chi exercise group performed exercise twice a week for one hour per each session. Tai Chi self help management group came to the class twice a week, one hour for Tai Chi exercise, and another hour for self help management program. The third group came to the class once a week for one hour to participate self help management program. At the completion of 6 week programs, 10 subjects from Tai Chi exercise, 9 from Tai Chi self help, another 10 from self help management groups completed the post-test measures. The data were analyzed by SPSSWIN 11.0. The homogeneity tests for three experimental groups were conducted by $X^2-test$, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test. The final analysis of the post-test measures was conducted by ANCOVA with fatigue, pain, stiffness, and difficulties in daily activities of the pretest measures as covariates. Results: The results were as follows. There were no significant differences in fatigue, pain, and difficulties of daily activities among three groups for the pretest measures. The score of arthritic stiffness was significantly different among groups after controlled for covariates, but the post-hoc tests showed no group differences. Conclusion: The nursing interventions applied for osteoarthritis patients have been previously tested to show the cost effectiveness of symptoms management of this population.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 1996

In a two-way contingency table, the analyst is most interested in the hypotheses of either homogeneity or independence. For testing this as a null hypothesis, Pearson's ${\chi}^2$ statistic is most commonly used in practice. Once the null Hypothesis is rejected, he will further search forcells which caused the rejection of the null hypothesis. For this purpose, so called cell${\chi}^2$ components are used. In this paper, we derive the influence function of an obsevation to the ${\chi}^2$ statistic, with which cells with high influence can be identified.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.209-215
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• 2010

To elucidate the effect of aging time on resistance to localized corrosion of hyper duplex stainless steel, a double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test a potentiodynamic anodic polarization test, a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscope analysis, and a thermodynamic calculation were conducted. With an increase in aging time, sigma phases are precipitated much more than chi phases due to the meta-stable chi phase acting as a transition phase. As aging time at $850^{\circ}C$ increases, the corrosion resistance decreases owing to an increase in Cr, Mo and W depleted areas adjacent to the intermetallic phases such as sigma phases and chi phases.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.6-10
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• 1974

We consider 'ordinary' graphs: that is, finite undirected graphs with no loops or multiple edges. An intersection representation of a graph G is a function r from V(G), the set of vertices of G, into a family of sets S such that distinct points $\chi$$_{\alpha}$ and $\chi$$_{\beta}$/ of V(G) are. neighbors in G precisely when ${\gamma}$($\chi$$_{\alpha}$)∩${\gamma}$($\chi$$_{\beta}$/)$\neq$ø, A graph G is a rigid circuit grouph if every cycle in G has at least one triangular chord in G. In this paper we consider the main theorem; A graph G has an intersection representation by arcs on an acyclic graph if and only if is a normal rigid circuit graph.uit graph.d circuit graph.uit graph.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.19-21
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• 1975

약 위상과 강위상이 주어진 선형공간 E에서 수열의 약수렴과 강수렴에 관한 성질을 보조정리로하여 두 Banach공간 E와 F사이에 정의된 연속작용소 공간 L(E.F)에서 작용소열 { $T_{n}$ }이 T에 강수렴하기 위한 필요충분조건은 F가 Hilbert 공간일때는 { $T_{n}$ }이 T에 약수렴함과 동시에 실수열 (equation omitted)$T_{\chi}$ $n^{\chi}$(equation omitted)가 실수 (equation omitted)T$\chi$(equation omitted)에 수렴할 때이다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 1994

A Chi-square approximation to the distribution of product of independent Beta variates denoted by U is developed. The distribution is commonly used as a test criterion for the general linear hypothesis about the multivariate linear models. The approximation is obtained by fitting a logarithmic function of U to a Chi-square variate in terms of the first three moments. It is compared with the well known approximations due to Box(1949), Rao(1948), and Mudholkar and Trivedi(1980). It is found that the Chi-square approximation compares favorably with the other three approximations.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.229-244
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• 2005

In order to find out how SoGal was perceived in the Korean medical history and under what logic it was treated, the SoGal section of UiBangYuChi and DongUiBoGam were compared and examined. Through this process, the following could concluded. First of all, in UiBangYuChi's SoGal Section, mainly the fire/heat theory was adopted. In DongUiBoGam's SoGal Section, the lack of Bodily Liquids and Blood theory was selected. Secondly, in DongUiBoGam's SoGal Section, it went beyond UiBangYuChi's perspective of viewing all thirst caused by fire/heat as SoGal, and perceived SoGal as a state of thirst reached for the lack of Bodily Liquids and Blood. Lastly, UiBangYuChi's SoGal Section accepts the fire/heat theory, and heavily restricts the use of BuJa in PalMi, while DongUiBoGam's SoGal Section elucidates the use of BuJa when needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.89-96
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• 2023

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of the underwater Ai-Chi exercise on the joint range of motion, balance and posture. METHODS: Thirty-six college students (30 men, 6 women) were divided into a 'low physical activity' groups (Group I). and an 'appropriate physical activity' groups (Group II). The Ai-Chi underwater exercise was conducted three times a week for two weeks for both groups. A goniometer was used to measure the range of motion of the hip joint, and Y-Balance and the posture screen mobile were used to measure the stability of the lower extremities. RESULTS: An evaluation of the range of motion of the hip joint before and after the Ai-Chi exercise showed significant results in the low physical activity group. However, the flexural range showed a significant increase after exercise, but not significant result. In the comparison of the mean increase between groups, only the right hip joint showed a significant difference in both groups. Also, in the comparison of the Y balance test and posture screen test before and after exercise, both groups showed significant. CONCLUSION: The Ai-Chi underwater exercise helped improve the range of motion of the hip joint and the ability to balance. Also It helped improve posture alignment. In addition, although the increase in all physical activity groups lower than the appropriate physical activity groups was greater in all figures, the increase in the number of samples, the extension of the experimental period, and various variables could be obtained.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.38 no.5_6
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• pp.591-600
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• 2020

This work is a continuation of our investigations for p-adic analogue of the alternating form Dirichlet L-functions $$L_E(s,{\chi})={\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}}{\frac{(-1)^n{\chi}(n)}{n^s}},\;Re(s)>0$$. Let L_p,E(s, t; χ) be the p-adic Euler L-function of two variables. In this paper, for any α ∈ ℂ_p, |α|_p ≤ 1, we give a power series expansion of L_p,E(s, t; χ) in terms of the variable t. From this, we derive a power series expansion of the generalized Euler polynomials with negative index, that is, we prove that $$E_{-n,{\chi}}(t)={\sum\limits_{m=0}^{\infty}}\(\array{-n\\m}\)E_{-(m+n),{\chi}^{t^m}},\;n{\in}{\mathbb{N}}$$, where t ∈ ℂ_p with |t|_p < 1. Some further properties for L_p,E(s, t; χ) has also been shown.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1575-1580
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• 2009

Tai Chi is a slow and gentle exercise which is suitable for obese women with chronic diseases. Tai Chi can improve the health of a senior without exacerbating existing impairments, including obese patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercise on blood variables (glucose, cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, cortisol) and physical fitness (muscle strength, flexibility, muscle endurance, agility, balance). Thirty obese women were recruited from a public health center. They were divided into Yang style (YS: n=15) and 12 (12KS: n=15). The Tai Chi exercise group participated in a training program for 12 weeks (3times/week). There was significant improvement in muscle strength, flexibility, and muscle endurance in both groups. Agility was significantly increased in YS, more than in 12KS. However, there was no improvement in balance in both groups. There was significant improvement in cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and cortisol in both groups. However there was no improvement in blood glucose levels in either group. From the results, there was no significant difference in either Tai Chi exercises. The Tai Chi exercise program was effective in improving cholesterol related variables and physical fitness, except balance, in both groups. Further study is needed in this area.