• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.157-170
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder feeding by 1% level of concentrate on the fattening cross bred bulls(5/8 Korean Native Cattle, 2/8 Charolais, 1/8 Brahman germ plasma) Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment groups which were T1(Full feeding of concentrate and roughage for 12 months), T2(T1 and Scoria addition), T3(T1 and Quartz porphyry addition) and T4(Oak charcoal addition) for 360 days, consisting of 32 heads whose initially weights were about 299.7kg. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. During the over-all period, average daily gains by T3, T4, T2 and T1 were 1.024, 0.987, 0.977kg and 0.964, respectively, without a significant difference by treatments. 2. Concentrate intakes per body weight and TDN intakes required per unit of kilogram gain were lower in addition agent groups than in control, and in all the treatments feed efficiency was higher at early stage for 360 fattening day than at end stage. 3. Carcass weight, dressing percent, back-fat thickness and loin eye muscle area by treatments were 330.9 to 348.4kg(average 340.3kg), 55.2~56.2(average 55.8%), 0.41~0.55(average 0.46cm)and 76.0~80.9$\textrm{cm}^2$(average 77.6$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively, and were improved in addition agent groups than in control. 4. Meat quality grade is higher in addition agent groups than in control, and heads of 1st grade by treatments was 3, 2, 1 and none in T4, T2, T3 and T1, respectively. 5. Incidence heads of diseases by treatment were not apparently different, but diseases of digestive system was decreased in addition agent groups than in control. 6. The nitrate nitrogen content of fattening bull dung which collected in rectum were 0.082~0.089% (average 0.084%), and the content in addition agent groups was smaller than in controll. 7. Income was higher in order of T4, T3, T2, and T1 and incomes of treatment groups were grater than that of control group by 21.4 to 33.5 percent. According to the above results it may be concluded that fattening bulls may be required to feed no more than 1% of Scoria, Quartz porphyry and Oak charcoal powder based on the concentrate feeding level during the fattening period(12 to 24 month of age) to produce high quality meat and increase income.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2006

In this study on the recipe for Yakgwa in Jeonbuk province, a survey of the ingredients, the quantity and the recipe for Yakgwa were conducted by an interview with the notable maker of it in 9 regions ; Jeonju, Imshil, Jangsu, Jeongup, Namwon(Samaemyeon & Dukgwamyeon), Wanju, Gochang, Iksan, away from each other. The hardness testing and the sensory evaluation of Yakgwa were carried out to compare with the control group and Jeonbuk Yakgwa. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. Common ingredients of Yakgwa examined in 9 regions were flour, sesame oil or soybean oil, honey or sugar, ginger juice, alcoholic drinks and etc. The quantity of oil (sesame or soybean) per kilogram of flour was as follows between one-half and one cup of oil, between one and three cups of honey or sugar, between one-half and one cup of ginger juice and between one-half and one cup of alcoholic drinks. Making of Yakgwa in Jeonju and Imshil area, knead flour with the liquid ingredients which are mixed together before. In other areas, after sifting the mixed flour with sesame oil, and then knead the remaining with the sifted. 2. The result of the hardness testing of Yakgwa was that it is higher in this order, Iksan, Imshil, the control group, Jeongup, Jeonju. With while the difference of syrup used in each of them, the result of hardness testing in the same order shows that the component of Yakgwa has more great effect on the hardness than a kind of syrup on which the result by using syrup before&after cooking. And in the sensory evaluation, the surface color of Iksan Yakgwa was the most bright of all, and the shininess was of Imshil and the control group, the cracked level, the softness, the sweet taste and the oily taste of Jeonju Yakgwa was better than other Also, the overall preference, though less meaningful, was same result.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 1996

This paper was performed to comparative study with the children's body strength status of Ethnic Korean in China and Korea. The subjects of this study were the students of each elementary school located in a rural and a urban areas in China. To compared the level of their body strength status, we investigated to the students of 2 elementary schools as comparatives group on Kojae Area in Korea. We used students' physical record in the school. The contents of the study were the body weight, the chest circumstance, and the body height of the subjects. To make out the level of the students' physique, we measured by Rohrer Index output through above body height and body weight of them. The results of this study were as follows; 1. In the case of Ethnic Korean in China, the average body weight(kilogram) is $28.94{\pm}6.68$ in male $28.51{\pm}7.58$ in female. Comparatively, the average body weight in the case of Korean is 31. $99{\pm}7.23$ in male and $31.74{\pm}7.82$ in female. The average body height of Ethnic Korean is inferior about 2-5 Kilograms to that of Korean. 2. The average chest circumstance (centimeter) is $63.51{\pm}5.21$ in male $63.05{\pm}5.87$ in female of Ethnic Korean, $65.54{\pm}6.43$ in male and $64.57{\pm}7.81$ in female of Korean. Compared to between two group, the average chest circumstance of Ethnic Korean is inferior about 2-4 centimeters to that of Korean. 3. The average body height (centimeter) of Ethnic Korean is $135.28{\pm}8.96$ in male $134.82{\pm}9.74$ in female, and that of Korean is $136.68{\pm}9.12$ in male and $136.10{\pm}9.92$ in female. Like the preceding below results, the average body height of Ethnic Korean is inferior about 2-5 centimeters to that of Korean. 4. Compared to the fullness degree of physique between two group using Rohrer Index, Ethnic Korean is thiner than Korean. 5. Temporary, in case of children from 10 to 12 years old, female is superior to male through the index contained of the body weight, the chest circumstance, and the body height. It seems that female and male had different maximum growth age.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.40-44
• /
• 2019

Purpose Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an important index for evaluation of renal function, renal disease diagnosis and progress monitoring. Therefore, accurate measurement of GFR is clinically important. Among the factors that affect the GFR result, there have been many discussions on the methods such as the correction of the kidney depth, net syringe count, and the method of setting the ROI. However there has been no consideration of counting in the most basic factors like height and weight measurement. In this study, we investigate how height and weight changes affects the result of GFR and review the importance of standardized body measurements. Materials and Methods Fifty patients who underwent GFR test were randomly sampled and examined for changes in height and body weight within one month. From the normal patients without renal disease to the patients with severely decreased GFR, we applied the GFR formula of Gate with varying height and weight. Results: The result showed variation of the height at maximum three centimeters and six kilograms of weight. The first calculation of GFR was done with fixed height value and control variable as weight. Weight was incremented by one kilogram each time up to six kilograms. The GFR showed increased result with increasing weight. The result of GFR showed ten percent increase with six kilograms of weight increase. On the other hand, when height value was incremented by one centimeter up to three centimeters showed decreased GFR result with fixed weight value. Up to three centimeters of height increase showed two percent of decreased GFR with fixed weight. Conclusion This study showed varying GFR result when height and weight changes. Therefore it is clinically crucial not only to maintain and manage body measuring instrument but also to have a standardized measurement methods to derive accurate measured values and to achieve reproducibility.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bicarbonate intake on blood variables during high-intensity training of sprinters. 30 male/female elites with more than 3 years of experience that are registered to S city as a sprinter was categorized into three groups: control group, training group, and HCO₃^- and training group. Training group and HCO₃^- and training group went through a high-intensity exercise program (80-90% HR max) which escalated every 2-3 weeks, for 90 minutes at a time, 5 days a week, 8 weeks in total. HCO₃^- and Training group took in 300mg of bicarbonate per one kilogram of body weight, in 90 minutes before the start of the high-intensity exercise program, once a day for 8 weeks. As a result of the study, the effect of bicarbonate intake on blood variables during high-intensity training of sprinters showed a positive effect on the increase of pH and the decrease of lactic acid in HCO₃^- and training group. Also, the increase of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ was shown in training group and HCO₃^- and training group, whereas there were no indications of significant change in Mg²⁺ in all three groups. It can be confirmed that the intake of bicarbonate during high-intensity training shows effective changes in the increase of pH and the decrease in lactic acid among changes in blood variables. Therefore, it can be seen that the intake of bicarbonate during high-intensity exercise is effective in improving exercise capacity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.96-102
• /
• 2022

The present study investigated effects of microbial additives and silo density on chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR ("Youngwoo") was harvested at 49.7% dry matter (DM), and ensiled into 500 kg bale silo with two different compaction pressures at 430 kgf (kilogram-force)/cm² (LOW) and 760 kgf/cm² (HIGH) densities. All WCR forage were applied distilled water (CON) or mixed inoculants (Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and Lactobacillus buchneri 6M1) with 1:1 ratio at 1x105 colony forming unit/g (INO). The concentrations of DM, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 49.7, 9.59, 2.85, 6.74, 39.7, and 21.9%, respectively. Microbial additives and silo density did not affect the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p>0.05). The INO silages had lower lactate (p<0.001), but higher propionate (p<0.001). The LOW silages had higher lactate (p=0.004). The INO silages had higher yeast count (p<0.001) and aerobic stability (p<0.001). However, microbial counts and aerobic stability were not affected by silo density. Therefore, this study concluded that fermentation quality of WCR silage improved by microbial additives, but no effects by silo density.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.228-239
• /
• 2024

Objective: The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats. Methods: Four of 7 to 8 months old male crossbred (50% Thai Native-Anglo Nubian) goats with average liveweight 20±0.13 kg were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four diets ad libitum basis. The study investigated the effects of two levels of yeast (Y) supplementation (Y, 0 and 0.5g/kg dry matter [DM]) along with two levels of DKTL supplementation (DKTL, 0 and 4.44g/kg DM). The experimental groups were as follows: T1 = control group with 0Y+0DKTL, T2 = 0Y+4.44 DKTL, T3 = 0.5Y+0DKTL, and T4 = 0.5Y+4.44 DKTL. Results: The results showed that there were no interactions between Y levels and DKTL levels with respect to total DM intake, but there were significant effects (p<0.05) by levels of Y; goats receiving 0.05 g/kg DM Y had higher than goats fed 0.0 g/kg DM on average (kg/d). A percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per kilogram of metallic weight (g/kg w^0.75) had no influence on yeast levels and DKTL, but there was a difference (p<0.05) by yeast level Y at 0.5 g/kg DM, being higher compared to the non-supplemented group. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrition in the form of (DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) was an increased trend in the Y-level complementary group at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM, respectively. Protozoa populations decreased in the group receiving Y levels at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels at 4.44 g/kg DM when compared to group T1. The acetic acid concentration and methane gas generation decreased (p<0.05) in the group receiving Y levels of 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels of 4.44 g/kg DM, while the amount of propionic acid increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Effects of feeding combinations of Y and DKTL supplementation on feed showed no interaction effect (Y×DKTL) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, bacterial and fungi population. The effect on protozoal populations was lower in the group that was supplemented with DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM related to synthetic CH₄ was reduced.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.500-508
• /
• 2024

Objective: Due to current selection practices for increased egg production and peak persistency, the production profile, age at maturity, and body weight criteria for commercial layers are constantly changing. Body weight and age at the time of photostimulation will thus always be the factors that need to be adequately addressed among various production systems. The current study was carried out to determine the effects of pullets' body weight (low, medium, and heavy) on their performance, welfare, physiological response, and hormonal profile. Methods: With regard to live weight, 150 16-week-old pullets were divided into three groups using a completely randomized design (CRD) and held until the 50th week. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the data under the CRD, and the least significant difference test was used to distinguish between treatment means. Results: In comparison to the medium and light birds, the heavy birds had higher body weight at maturity, an earlier age at maturity, and higher egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk index, breaking strength, egg surface area, egg shape index, egg volume, and hormonal profile except corticosterone. However, the medium and light birds had lower feed consumption rates per dozen eggs and per kilogram of egg mass than the heavy birds. Light birds showed greater body weight gain, egg production, and egg specific gravity than the other categories. At 20 weeks of age, physiological response, welfare aspects, and catalase were non-significant; however, at 50 weeks of age, all these factors-aside from catalase-were extremely significant. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that layers can function at lower body weights during photostimulation; hence, dietary regimens that result in lighter pullets may be preferable. Additionally, the welfare of the birds was not compromised by the lighter weight group.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.37 no.8
• /
• pp.1418-1427
• /
• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Bacillus-based probiotics supplemented at two different levels to modulate the productive performance, egg quality, tibia traits, and specific cecal bacteria counts of Hy-Line Brown layers from 25 to 37 weeks of age. Methods: A total of 216 twenty-five-week-old hens were randomly distributed into 3 experimental diets with 12 replicates of 6 birds per cage. Diets included basal diet supplemented with 0 (CON), 3×10⁸ (PRO1), or 3×10⁹ (PRO2) colony-forming unit (CFU) of the test probiotic containing Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus subtilis FXA, and Bacillus licheniformis G3 per kilogram of feed. Results: Improved egg weights and mass at 29 weeks; and feed intake at 31 weeks (p<0.10) were noticed with the probiotic-supplemented PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Considering egg quality, the shell thickness, Haugh units, and yolk color were improved; but yolk cholesterol was lowered (p<0.05) with PRO1 and PRO2 diets at 29 weeks. At both 33 and 37 weeks, the egg-breaking strength, shell color and thickness, albumen height, Haugh units, and yolk color were improved; but yolk cholesterol was similarly lowered (p<0.05) with the PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Improved tibia Ca, ash, weights, and density; and raised cecal counts of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli (p<0.05) were noticed with PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Improved tibia P but reduced Clostridia counts (p<0.10) were also observed with the PRO1 and PRO2 diets. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation of Bacillus subtilis PB6, Bacillus subtilis FXA, and Bacillus licheniformis G3 at 3×10⁸ CFU/kg of feed is adequate to significantly improve egg quality, lower yolk cholesterol, enhance several tibia traits, and raise the populations of beneficial cecal bacteria. Modest improvements in several productive parameters and tibia P but reduced Clostridia were also observed; and could warrant further investigation of probiotic effects beyond the current test period.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.73-92
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein levels on the performance and abdominal fat pad of broiler chicks. A total of 702, a day-old chicks were alloted into nine groups differing in dietary metabolizable energy (2,800, 3,000 and 3, 200kcal/kg) and crude protein(16, 18 and 20%) level from July 10 to September 4, 1990 for 8 weeks. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Body weight gain was significantly increased by increasing of metabolizable energy level (p＜0.05), but there was no significant difference between 2,800kcal/kg and 3,000kcal/kg, or 3,000 kcal/kg and 3,200kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, and there was no significant difference among crude protein levels. 2. Feed consumption tended to decrease by increasing of metabolizable energy and crude protein levels, but there was no significant difference among treatments. 3. Feed conversion was significantly improved by increasing of metabolizable energy level (p＜0.01), and it was showed a tendency to improve by increasing crude protein level(p＜0.05), but the difference between 18% and 20% of crude protein level was not significant. 4. Eviscerated yield was not different significantly among treatments. 5. Abdominal fat pad was significantly increased by increasing of metabolizable energy level (p＜0.01), but there was no significant difference between 2,800kcal/kg and 3,000kcal/kg, or 3,000kcal/kg and 3,200kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. On the other hand, abdominal fat pad in 20% of crude protein level was significantly lower than those in 16% and 18% of crude protein level (p＜0.01). 6. The feed cost per kilogram body weight gain tended to decrease by increasing of metabolizable energy level, and that in 18% of crude protein level was slightly lower than those in 16% and 20% of crude protein level, but there was no significant difference among treatments.