• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.365-373
• /
• 2006

The present study was designed to characterize the effects of estrogen receptor agonist (4,4',4'-(4-Propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl) trisphenol, PPT) on liver and kidney in male mouse using a light microscopic analysis. PPT was subcutaneously given to adult male mice at a weekly dosage of 178.6mg/kg in a volume 0.08 ml of vehicle for 3, 5 and 8 weeks. There were differences in body and organ weights between control and the treated groups. Body and kidney weights were decreased in treated group whereas, liver weight was increased. In microscopic observations, sinusoidal diameter in liver of treated group was increased 156%, 216% and 255% on week 3, 5 and 8 respectively. Compared to the control, diameter of proximal convoluted tubules in kidney was increased 37% and 43% or week 5 and 8 in treated group. Whereas, height of epithelial cells in the proximal tubules was reduced at all time points. These results suggest that microstructure of liver and kidney was changed by treatment of estrogen receptor agonist PPT in the male mice.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.120-131
• /
• 2010

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a metabolic acidosis due to impaired excretion of hydrogen ion, or reabsorption of bicarbonate, or both by the kidney. These renal tubular abnormalities can occur as an inherited disease or can result from other disorders or toxins that affect the renal tubules. Disorders of bicarbonate reclamation by the proximal tubule are classified as proximal RTA, whereas disorders resulting from a primary defect in distal tubular net hydrogen secretion or from a reduced buffer trapping in the tubular lumen are called distal RTA. Hyperkalemic RTA may occur as a result of aldosterone deficiency or tubular insensitivity to its effects. The clinical classification of renal tubular acidosis has been correlated with our current physiological model of how the nephron excretes acid, and this has facilitated genetic studies that have identified mutations in several genes encoding acid and base ion transporters. Growth retardation is a consistent feature of RTA in infants. Identification and correction of acidosis are important in preventing symptoms and guide approved genetic counseling and testing.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.171-187
• /
• 1998

Garlic occupies a special position among the many foods of vegetable origin because it is the sole food for Koreans during the their lives. And vitamin A has been ingested by forms of food or additives. Cadmium has been described as one of the most dangerous trace elements in the food and environment of man and livestocks. Since the de novo synthesis of stress proteins can be detected early after exposure to some agents, analysis of cadmium-induced changes in gene expression , ie. alterations in patterns of protein synthesis, may be useful to develop as biomarkers of exposure and damage for food hygiene. He acute and chronic combine effects of cadmium (Cd, CdCl2 20mg/kg), garlic oil(Dds: diallyl disulfide 50mg/kg, 3 times a week) and vitamin A(Ra: retinol acetate 50,000 IU/kg, 3 times a week) on Wistar male rats were evaluated concerning cadmium contents, tissues enzyme activity, HSP expression histopathological and electron microscopical examinations. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. Less cadmium was absorbed through the digestive tracts, but the ratio of contents in tissue were not changed by the simultaneous adminstration of diallyl disufide or retinol acetate. 2. ALT(alanine aminotransferase) , AST(aspartate aminotransferase), glucose, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), creatinine, the key indices of the clinical changes in hepatic and renal function were significantly hanged by the cadmium treatment after 1 week in liver, after 4 weeks in kidney. 3. Histopathological changes in cadmium treated rats were appeared at 8 weeks age treatment in kidneys. Homogenous eosinophilic material was accumulated in cortical and collecting tubular lumens at 16 weeks. Degenerated or necrotized tubular cells were observed in cortex and medulla. Degenerated seminiferous tubules and homogeneous eosinophilic material was seen in interstitial tissue of rat treated with cadmium for 16 weeks. Calcium deposits were seen in degenerated seminiferous tubules and the tubules showed severe calcification of rat treated with cadmium for 16 weeks. Electron microscope changes in kidney were observed in rats treated with CdCl2 20 mg/kg. Proximal convoluted tubule cells showed selling of cytoplasm and narrow lumen. Capillary endothelial cells showed cytoplasmic vacuoles and swelling. Degenerated epithelial cells were accumulated in tubular lumen of kidney. 4. Enhanced synthesis of 70 KDa relateve molecular mass proteins were detected in 2 hours after cadmium, exposure, with maximum activity occurring at 8~48 hours. Induction of HSP 70 was evident at proximal tubules and glomeruli in kidney. Testicular cells produced enough HSP to be detected normally. From the above results, it could be concluded that HSP70 induction by the cadmium treatment was a rapid reaction to indicated the exposure of xenobiotics, and retinol acetate reduced the cadmium induced nephrotoxicity.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.17 no.10
• /
• pp.1347-1353
• /
• 2007

The changes of glycoconjuagates (GCs) in rat kidney due to maturation were studied from samples of fetal and postnatal kidneys by lectin histochemistry. Rat kidneys of perinatal ages and adults were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and were stained with nine kinds of biotinylated lectins. The immature forms of the renal developmental stage such as vesicles and ureteric bud were observed in the cortex as late as day 14 of postnatal life, but the histological appearance of the weaning kidney was similar to that observed in adults. As for histochemical properties of GCs in the glomeruli, Con A affinity tended to increase with aging, but both RCA-1 and LCA affinities showed a transient increase in immature glomeruli of neonatal rats. DBA affinity with SBA, PNA, BSL-1 and RCA-1, additional Con A one in proximal tubule, were increased in both proximal and distal tubules according to maturation. In contrast to this, transient intensive LCA affinity were demonstrated in immature proximal and distal tubule of neonatal rats. In the collecting tubules, DBA, SBA, PNA and sWGA affinities tended to increase according to maturation, but transient increase for BSL-1, RCA-1 and LCA affinities were detected in neonatal rats. The present results suggest that the mature glycosylation pattern of the kidney undergoes profound changes during maturation and is probably associated with functional maturation of the kidney.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.227-233
• /
• 1975

The diuretic action of guanethidine was investigated in the dogs by means of the stop-flow technique. Guanethidine increased the rejection of sodium in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, as well as in the proximal and distal tubules, resulting in the decrease of the concentrating ability of the kidney, in marked natriuresis and diuresis. It was also effective during an osomotic diuresis, which was induced by infusing 10% mannitol can exhibit its effect even under the diuretic action of mercurophylline, suggesting a different mechanism from that of mercuric iuretics.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2015

It is well known that proteins present in the primary urine are reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubules, and that this reabsorption is mediated via the megalin-cubilin complex and the neonatal $Fc{\gamma}$ receptor. However, the reabsorption is also thought to be influenced by an electrostatic interaction between protein molecules and the microvilli of the renal proximal tubules. By analyzing the charge diversity of urinary IgG, we showed that this reabsorption process occurs in a cationic charge-preferential manner. The charge-selective molecular sieving function of the glomerular capillary walls has long been a target of research since Brenner et al. demonstrated the existence of this function by a differential clearance study by using the anionic dextran sulfate polymer. However, conclusive evidence was not obtained when the study was performed using differential clearance of serum proteins. We noted that immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG have similar molecular sizes but distinct molecular isoelectric points. Therefore, we studied the differential clearance of these serum proteins (clearance IgA/clearance IgG) in podocyte diseases and glomerulonephritis. In addition, we studied this differential clearance in patients with Dent disease rather than in normal subjects because the glomerular sieving function is considered to be normal in subjects with Dent disease. Our results clearly showed that the charge-selective barrier is operational in Dent disease, impaired in podocyte disease, and lacking in glomerulonephritis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.2 s.32
• /
• pp.133-144
• /
• 1996

This study investigated the effect of InJinORyungSan on the nephrotoxicity in rat treated with cyclosporin A. Control group were injected with cyclosporin A alone. whereas test group were injected with cyclosporin A and InJinORyungSan extract. In the control group, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), serum creatinine(S-Cr) and renal lipid peroxidation(LPO) level were significantly increased, but renal superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was significantly decreased. In the kidney of control group, the destruction of distal convoluted tubules(DCT) and proximal convoluted tubules(PCT) were observed in renal cortex, lymphocytes and fibroblast were appeared in the portion of DCT destruction. However, in the test group, BUN, S-Cr and renal LPO level were significantly decreased as compared with control group, on the other hand, renal SOD activity was significantly increased. In the kidney of test group, the destruction of DCT and PCT were repaired as compared with control group. These results demonstrated that InJinORyungSan. can be attributed to recovery from nephrotoxicity, We consider that activated SOD by InJinORyungSan suppress renal LPO or production of free radicals induced by cyclosporin A.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.421-432
• /
• 2005

In order to understand the renal reabsorption mechanism of neutral amino acids via amino acid transporters, we have isolated human L-type amino acid transporter 2 (hLAT2) and human T-type amino acid transporter 1 (hTAT1) in human, then, we have examined and compared the gene structures, the functional characterizations and the localization in human kidney. Northern blot analysis showed that hLAT2 mRNA was expressed at high levels in the heart, brain, placenta, kidney, spleen, prostate, testis, ovary, lymph node and the fetal liver. The hTAT1 mRNA was detected at high levels in the heart, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, spleen, thymus and prostate. Immunohistochemical analysis on the human kidney revealed that the hLAT2 and hTAT1 proteins coexist in the basolateral membrane of the renal proximal tubules. The hLAT2 transports all neutral amino acids and hTAT1 transports aromatic amino acids. The basolateral location of the hLAT2 and hTAT1 proteins in the renal proximal tubule as well as the amino acid transport activity of hLAT2 and hTAT1 suggests that these transporters contribute to the renal reabsorption of neutral and aromatic amino acids in the basolateral domain of epithelial proximal tubule cells, respectively. Therefore, LAT2 and TAT1 play essential roles in the reabsorption of neutral amino acids from the epithelial cells to the blood stream in the kidney. Because LAT2 and TAT1 are essential to the efficient absorption of neutral amino acids from the kidney, their defects might be involved in the pathogenesis of disorders caused by a disruption in amino acid absorption such as blue diaper syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 1967

Normal Albino rats were received glycerin via subcutaneously and Staphylococcus aureus intravenously. The microorganism was coagulase-positive and non-hemolytic. The rats received glycerin alone showed an acute tubular nephrosis, and the others such as glycer in induced nephrotic rats showed a number of different findings: At the first hours of the bacterial injection, in medulla, the bacterial clumps and inflammatory cell infiltration, and microabscesses with retrogressive changes of proximal convoluted tubulles were observed. The suppurative inflammation was observed in days. Five weeks after the initial innoulation of the organism kidney was shown restoration to a histologically normal cortex. The proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and small numbers of chronic inflammatory cells were observed in the medulla where an acute inflammatory process was enhanced presumably. On the other hand, the Albino rats administered Staphyloceccus aureus alone resulted in n moderate degree of vacuolization in proximal convoluted tubules and a number of casts in the early stage. No, bacterial clumps and microabscesses were observed in the rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.187-191
• /
• 2003

$Na^+/H^+$ exchanger (NHE) has a critical role in regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in the renal proximal tubular cells. It has recently been shown that dopamine inhibits NHE in the renal proximal tubules. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of information on the effects of long-term (chronic) dopamine treatment on NHE activities. This study was performed to elucidate the pHi regulatory mechanisms during the chronic dopamine treatments in renal proximal tubular OK cells. The resting pHi was greatly decreased by chronic dopamine treatments. The initial rate and the amplitude of intracellular acidification by isosmotical $Na^+$ removal from the bath medium in chronically dopamine-treated cells were much smaller than those in control. Although it seemed to be attenuated in $Na^+$-dependent pH regulation system, $Na^+$-dependent pHi recovery by NHE after intracelluar acid loading in the dopamine-treated groups was not significantly different from the control. The result is interpreted to be due to the balance between the stimulation effects of lower pHi on the NHE activity and counterbalance by dopamine. Our data strongly suggested that chronic dopamine treatment increased intrinsic intracellular buffer capacity, since higher buffer capacity was induced by lower resting pHi and this effect could attenuate pHi changes under extracellular $Na^+$-free conditions in chronically dopamine-treated cells. Our study also demonstrated that intracellular acidification induced by chronic dopamine treatments was not mediated by changes in NHE activity.