• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.41
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• pp.185-222
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• 2014

Nog-Moon Yim Seong-Joo(녹문 임성주) is a philosopher of late Choseon Dynasty of the 18th Century. He concluded that the debates between the school of Ho and that of Rack originated from the seclusion of Li(理) and Ki(氣), and theorized the new Li and Ki theory according to his own perspective. The prime point of Nog-Moon's Philosophy is said to be Li-Ki dongshil(理氣同實), Mind and Nature ilchi(心性一致) ; he proves his prime potints based on his pure and clean Ki substance. Thus Li-Ki is reduced to monism from dualism, and Mind-Nature(心 性) is reduced to mind. Since the basis of the existence of Mind is Ki(氣), Nog-moon's theory of Substance is concluded to be Ki-monism. Nog-Moon presents his great philosophy of Ki monism suggested by Jeong Myeong-Do's monistic methodology; he explains the universality of Substance and the diversity of Phenomenon with the logical structure of ilwonbunsu(一原分殊). The characteristics of Nog-Moon's philosophy is that ilwon(一原) and bunsu(分殊) are bonnyeon(本然) identical, which means Substance and Function(體用) are identical, or bonmalilchi(本末一致). It means Mind and Nature are bonnyeon(本然) identical, Ki and Mind and Nature are identical. With the expression of seongrihak (性理學) Gijil(氣質) is not different from bonnyeon(本然). Therefore 1 define the philosophy of Nog-Moon had been built on the context of a sage.

• 도로교통
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• s.96
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• pp.12-19
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• 2004

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2007

To clarify the growth mechanisms of thyroid tumors, we investigated apoptotic cells in 88 thyroid tumors, consisting of 24 adenomas, 58 papillary thyroid carcinomas, and 6 undifferentiated carcinoma, using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate digoxigenin-nick end labeling (TUNEL). The cell proliferating marker was also evaluated immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody to Ki-67 antigen (MIB-1) in the same tumors. The apoptosis was expressed as a percentage of the TUNEL-positive cells in the tumor cells, and a proliferating marker, being the percentage of Ki-67 positive cells, was counted up each tumor. The statistical analysis were used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student's t-test that were analyze the differences in the rate of each histological types of the thyroid tumors. The overall level of apoptosis was extremely low in all histological types of the thyroid tumors analyzed, the mean apoptosis being $0.31{\pm}0.40$ in adenoma, $0.55{\pm}0.48 $in papillary thyroid carcinoma, and $4.60{\pm}3.27$ in undifferentiated carcinoma. The Ki-67 protein in the thyroid tumor subtypes was significantly lower in adenoma and papillary carcinoma, at $2.45{\pm}2.99$ and $6.27{\pm}4.42$, respectively, than that in undifferentiated carcinoma at $26.47{\pm}23.88$ (p<0.0001). There was no correlation between clinicopathological factors and apoptosis or Ki-67 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. In conclusion, our findings suggest that apoptosis occurs infrequently in thyroid tumor, and that cell proliferating maker Ki-67 markedly differs according to the thyroid tumor subtypes. Moreover, the ratio between proliferating cells and apoptotic cells may reflect thyroid tumor progression.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.9
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• pp.337-343
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• 2012

Purpose: Leptin has been considered a link between metabolic state and reproductive activity. Defective reproductive function can occur in leptin-deficient and leptin-excessive conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of centrally injected leptin on the hypothalamic KiSS-1 system in relation to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) action in the initial stage of puberty. Methods: Leptin (1 ${\mu}g$) was injected directly into the ventricle of pubertal female mice. The resultant gene expressions of hypothalamic GnRH and KiSS-1 and pituitary LH, 2 and 4 hours after injection, were compared with those of saline-injected control mice. The changes in the gene expressions after blocking the GnRH action were also analyzed. Results: The basal expression levels of KiSS-1, GnRH, and LH were significantly higher in the pubertal mice than in the prepubertal mice. The 1-${\mu}g$ leptin dose significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of KiSS-1, GnRH, and LH in the pubertal mice. A GnRH antagonist significantly increased the KiSS-1 and GnRH mRNA expression levels, and the additional leptin injection decreased the gene expression levels compared with those in the control group. Conclusion: The excess leptin might have suppressed the central reproductive axis in the pubertal mice by inhibiting the KiSS-1 expression, and this mechanism is independent of the GnRH-LH-estradiol feedback loop.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.50
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• pp.94-120
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• 2010

This Studies interpret Kim Ki-duk's film in terms of shamanistic world views. In this studies, the ritual properties of Kim Ki-duk's film were trying to reveal. To do this, Kim Ki-duk's entire 14 works were analysed. Specifically, shamanistic characters, their actions, themes, ways of storytelling, mis-en-scenes, and visual settings were focused on. The results show, fantastic and ritual properties were represented directly and the very archetypes of Korean cultural shamanistic symbols were embedded in his films. Shamanistic symbols and narratives in Kim Ki-duk's films were related to the main themes of harmony between suppressing men and suffered women. This symbols and narratives could be interpreted through the sacrifices of characters, exorcistic behaviors, expressions of death etc. In the long run, as visionary or anti-realistic author, Kim Ki-duk has been performing shamanistic ceremonies(in Korean "Gut") with his whole works. With these findings, processes from preparations to completions of Gut-Pan (Shamanistic ceremony) in Kim Ki-Duk's works were tried to reconstruct.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.284-325
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• 2009

This study aims to investigate the educational significance in modern education by analysis on the contents of taboo in the Korean traditional prenatal education. For this study, the concrete matters are prepared for investigation as follows: First, the contents of prenatal education are analyzed with special reference to the Chinese bibliography and the Korean bibliography related to its own traditional prenatal education. Second, the contents of taboo in prenatal education are broadly classified into Chun-ki(天忌), Chi-ki(地忌), and In-ki(人忌), and in turn, In-ki is classified into taboo related to clothing, taboo related to food, Taboo related to housing, and man's taboo, and all of them are interpreted. Third, the characteristics of taboo in the Korean traditional prenatal education and its principle are analyzed, and its significance is researched from the modern educational point of view. This study attempts to classify the contents of taboo into Chun-ki, Chi-ki, In-ki, and man's taboo based upon analysis of the documentary records related to the traditionary prenatal education in China and Korea for the successful investigation. The characteristic such as common discipline, the time limit and prevention are induced on the basis of this investigation, and its modern educational significance as follows: First, prenatal education must be conduced as a part of youth education and preparatory parents education for the married couple. Second, man or husband plays a very important role of practising taboo in prenatal education. Third, taboo in prenatal education is very suggestive in the aspect of human relationship and mental health of the pregnant woman. Fourth, it prevents her obesity and strain. Fifth, the scientific proof and education of taboo related to food must be needed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.45-48
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• 2008

To evaluate the usefulness of the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, antigen profiles of KI-1 tachyzoites were analyzed in comparison with RH tachyzoites by SOS-PAGE and immunoblotting. ELISA was performed on latex agglutination (LA)-positive and negative serum samples using KI-1 and RH antigens. Immunoblotting of the KI-1 antigen showed multiple antigen bands with molecular sizes of 22-105 kDa. Among them, 1 and 6 common bands were noted against a KI-1-infected and a RH-infected human serum, respectively, which represented differences in antigenic profiles between KI-1 and RH tachyzoites. However, all 9 LA-positive human sera were found positive by ELISA, and all 12 LA-negative sera were negative by ELISA; the correlation between the ELISA titers and LA titers was high (r = 0.749). Our results suggest that tachyzoites of KI-1 may be useful for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1077-1082
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• 2016

Background: The three standard biomarkers used in breast cancer are the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The Ki-67 index, a proliferative marker, has been shown to be associated with a poorer outcome, and despite absence of standardization of pathological assessment, is widely used for therapy decision making. We aim to study the role of the Ki-67 index in a group of Asian women with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 450 women newly diagnosed with Stage 1 to 3 invasive breast cancer in a single centre from July 2013 to Dec 2014 were included in this study. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between Ki-67 (positive defined as 14% and above) and age, ethnicity, grade, mitotic index, ER, PR, HER2, lymph node status and size. All analyses were performed using SPSS Version 22. Results: In univariable analysis, Ki -67 index was associated with younger age, higher grade, ER and PR negativity, HER2 positivity, high mitotic index and positive lymph nodes. However on multivariable analysis only tumour size, grade, PR and HER2 remained significant. Out of 102 stage 1 patients who had ER positive/PR positive/HER2 negative tumours and non-grade 3, only 5 (4.9%) had a positive Ki-67 index and may have been offered chemotherapy. However, it is interesting to note that none of these patients received chemotherapy. Conclusions: Information on Ki67 would have potentially changed management in an insignificant proportion of patients with stage 1 breast cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1015-1018
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• 2016

Background: Overexpression or amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) is associated with grade of malignancy and a poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to evaluate of value of HER2 as a prognostic marker, and to analyze associations with common histopathological parameters in BC cases. Materials and Methods: Between of 2007 to 2014, 260 patients with BC referred to Oncology Clinic provided cancer tissue samples which underwent immunohistochemistry (IHC) for markers. ER and PR positivity was defined as ${\geq}10%$ positive tumor cells with nuclear staining. HER2-positive was defined as either HER2 gene amplification by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or scored as 3+ by IHC. For HER2 (2+), FISH was performed to determine HER2 positivity. Results: The mean age at diagnosis for the patients with HER2-negative was significantly higher than in HER2-positive cases. Also, there were significant correlations between histological grade, nuclear grade, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, ER status, PR status, p53 overexpression and Ki-67 index with HER2 expression. HER2-negative lesions were of higher grade and more likely to be ER-negative, PR-negative, p53-positive, lymph node metastasis, with a tumor size<2cm and also $Ki-67{\geq}20%$ as compared to the HER2-positive group. Conclusions: Contrary to the results of other studies, HER2-positive tumors in our study had a lower Ki-67 index and were p53-positive. Also, Ki-67 proliferation index ${\geq}20%$ in more studies was associated with p53-positive.Therefore, tumors which are HER2-positive and have a Ki-$67{\geq}20%$ had a more aggressive behavior compared to HER2-positive and Ki-67<20% lesions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8759-8763
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• 2014

Background: Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a diverse group of disease encompassing divergent tumor types with contrasting clinical behaviors. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of Ki67 index in segregating indolent from aggressive NHL and its association with clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: During a study period of 4.5 years, a total of 215 cases of lymphomas were diagnosed among of which 172 cases were NHL. Ki67 immunohistochemical staining was performed by the DAKO envision method. Average proportion of tumor cells stained was calculated to determine the proliferative index. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 46.2 years +19.8 (3-81) with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. Mean Ki67 index for indolent NHL included 23% for small cell, 25% for mantle cell, 28.5% for marginal zone and 34.6% for follicular lymphoma. On the other hand, mean Ki67 index for aggressive lymphomas were 66.4%, 66.9%, 80.3%, 83.3% and 94.4% for diffuse large B cell, T cell (NOS), anaplastic large cell, lymphoblastic and burkitts lymphoma respectively. No significant correlation was found between Ki67 index and other clinical parameters like age and extra nodal involvement. Conclusions: Ki67 index is a valuable IHC marker to distinguish indolent from aggressive lymphomas especially in small needle biopsies where exact typing may not be possible.