• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.185-213
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare dental hygine curriculum of three countries--Korea, U.S.A., and Japan--, focusing on the ways of organizing content. In this study, 30 curriculum documents of dental hygienist in U.S., Japan, and Korea were analyzed and discussed by a framework of analysis which was constructed referring to Tylerian curriculum model. Using this framework, three kinds of key components of curriculum document were compared according to specific elements of each component. More specifically, comparing those curriculum documents, we must consider the dimension of content organization. In this study, the problem of course organization was viewed on three dimensions: continuity, sequence, and integration of curriculum content. Based on the results of this study, the conclusions are as follows. 1. Courses of dental hygienist education should be organized so that the curriculum foster the cumulative and continuous learning. It will be accomplished by considering the essential procedures or sequence of dental hygiene activities. 2. When organizing curriculum elements, we should consider the continuity dimension of learning content. Continuity deals with the vertical manipulation or repetition of curriculum components. In other words, it accounts for the reappearance in the curriculum of certain major ideas or skills. Therefore, courses should be based on the level of the dental hygienist activities in order to ensure a continuity of learning experiences. 3. Dental hygienist curriculum must be organized in a way to integrate the logic of dental hygiene as a discipline with the process of dental hygiene performance. Integration refers to the linking of all types of knowledge and experiences contained within the curriculum design. It emphasizes horizontal relations among various content topics and themes involving all domains of knowledge recognized. Thus, courses of dental hygiene curriculum should be integrated to allow college students to obtain a unified view of knowledge and an in-depth meaning of the dental hygiene as a profession.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.162-177
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• 2020

Background: Ecologists have achieved much progress in the study of mechanisms that maintain species coexistence and diversity. In this paper, we reviewed a wide range of past research related to these topics, focusing on five theoretical bodies: (1) coexistence by niche differentiation, (2) coexistence without niche differentiation, (3) coexistence along environmental stress gradients, (4) coexistence under non-equilibrium versus equilibrium conditions, and (5) modern perspectives. Results: From the review, we identified that there are few models that can be generally and confidently applicable to different ecological systems. This problem arises mainly because most theories have not been substantiated by enough empirical research based on field data to test various coexistence hypotheses at different spatial scales. We also found that little is still known about the mechanisms of species coexistence under harsh environmental conditions. This is because most previous models treat disturbance as a key factor shaping community structure, but they do not explicitly deal with stressful systems with non-lethal conditions. We evaluated the mainstream ideas of niche differentiation and stochasticity for the coexistence of plant species across salt marsh creeks in southwestern Denmark. The results showed that diversity indices, such as Shannon-Wiener diversity, richness, and evenness, decreased with increasing surface elevation and increased with increasing niche overlap and niche breadth. The two niche parameters linearly decreased with increasing elevation. These findings imply a substantial influence of an equalizing mechanism that reduces differences in relative fitness among species in the highly stressful environments of the marsh. We propose that species evenness increases under very harsh conditions if the associated stress is not lethal. Finally, we present a conceptual model of patterns related to the level of environmental stress and niche characteristics along a microhabitat gradient (i.e., surface elevation). Conclusions: The ecology of stressful systems with non-lethal conditions will be increasingly important as ongoing global-scale climate change extends the period of chronic stresses that are not necessarily fatal to inhabiting plants. We recommend that more ecologists continue this line of research.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2008

The bin packing problem (BPP) is an NP-Complete Problem. The problem can be described as there are $N=\{1,2,{\cdots},n\}$ which is a set of item indices and $L=\{s1,s2,{\cdots},sn\}$ be a set of item sizes sj, where $0<sj{\leq}1$, ${\forall}j{\in}N$. The objective is to minimize the number of bins used for packing items in N into a bin such that the total size of items in a bin does not exceed the bin capacity. Assume that the bins have capacity equal to one. In the past, many researchers put on effort to find the heuristic algorithms instead of solving the problem to optimality. Then, the quality of solution may be measured by the asymptotic worst-case ratio or the average-case ratio. The First Fit Decreasing (FFD) is one of the algorithms that its asymptotic worst-case ratio equals to 11/9. Many researchers prove the asymptotic worst-case ratio by using the weighting function and the proof is in a lengthy format. In this study, we found an easier way to prove that the asymptotic worst-case ratio of the First Fit Decreasing (FFD) is not more than 11/9. The proof comes from two ideas which are the occupied space in a bin is more than the size of the item and the occupied space in the optimal solution is less than occupied space in the FFD solution. The occupied space is later called the weighting function. The objective is to determine the maximum occupied space of the heuristics by using integer programming. The maximum value is the key to the asymptotic worst-case ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-57
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• 1988

The writer has worked out his original philosophy both scientific and religious, which he calls "Knownism" The new thought states; the word "known" in "knownism" means "already well-informed in the providence" about the essence of the things, and the true state of the reality, hence the knownism, as the existence of God is set forth as a premise. The knownism is a philosophy unified reasonably the science and the faith into one, for the humans can perceive and realize the essence and the true state, and authorize the truth transcending the experience by the scientific method. The new thought of the knownism is a bridge-building between the natural science and the religious faith. The idea explains that the life is the process to pursue the essence of the things and the god, and the truth is immanent in the original nature of things and in God′s sphere. This thought is a philorophy of possibility to solve the paradigms-to-be such as thinking, faith experience, and supernatural power, so that it presents a vision in the human life as a profitable religious science philosophy. The knownism is much different from agnosticism, skepticism, empiricism, and agnosticism. The grace of God may be detected differently from the supernatural power. The new dark clouds overspread abruptly the summer sky are not new ones but originally derived frosm worn-out water drops. Thus those are called the old clouds. The Korean word "known"(노운) of which pronunciation is same with the English "known" means the old clouds, hence also the name, Knownism. The root of the new clouds is detectable from the preserved old clouds. The old clouds symbolized in the paper indicate the essence and the principles of the things and the fittest, or the key for the solution of the problem in the epistemology, believing that everything has its own, proper nature, the writer sums up his theory by insisting that the humans have to find out the "old clouds" or the "known" in knownism to live eternally either in this world or in other dimensions, though the human beings are transformed into the other phases of life. The writer proclaims through the ideas for the United Nations to fortify the Confederate System of World Nations in order to ensure the world peace and the future of the humans.

• School Mathematics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.889-920
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to look into the didactical background for introducing the concept of multiplication and teaching multiplication facts in elementary school mathematics and offer suggestions to improve teaching multiplication in the future. In order to attain these purposes, this study deduced and examined concepts of multiplication, situations involving multiplication, didactical models for multiplication and multiplication strategies based on key ideas with respect to the didactical background on teaching multiplication through a theoretical consideration regarding various studies on multiplication. Based on such examination, this study compared and analyzed textbooks used in the United States, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany and South Korea. In the light of such theoretical consideration and analytical results, this study provided implication for improving teaching multiplication in elementary schools in Korea as follows: diversifying equal groups situations, emphasizing multiplicative comparison situations, reconsidering Cartesian product situations for providing situations involving multiplication, balancing among the group model, array model and line model and transposing from material models to structured and formal ones in using didactical models for multiplication, emphasizing multiplication strategies and properties of multiplication and connecting learned facts and new facts with one another for teaching multiplication facts.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.21-42
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• 2010

1) The structural system of "Hwaeomgyeong" has its core in the fact it deals with certain themes repeatedly on the basis of "Sipjipum" as a system of discipline.( The key of Euisang's ideas lay in referring to the whole "Hwaeomgyeong" as Beopseong and expressing it with the term, 'Haeng'. Here 'Haeng' is a system of discipline based on "Sipjipum". This indicates that "Hwaeomgyeong" can be fully represented just by "Sipjipum" because the twos are structurally similar) (1) In "Sipjipum", a summary of "Hwaeomgyeong" is contained. Thus descriptions of "Sipjipum" may be like those of "Hwaeomgyeong". (2) "Hwaeomgyeong" had a three-dimensional spatial structure which corresponds with the Heaven of Yok Gye Yuk Cheon and the Earth, when associated with places of preaching Buddhist sermons. 2) This researcher investigated stone platforms of the Buseoksa Temple with references to "Hwaeomgyeong" and "Sipjipum". 1) All the platforms, whether their building is still remained on them or not, comply better with implications of "Sipjipum". 2) Different heights of the stone platforms and the axial refraction of the platforms brought by their shape changes all imply variations in discipline levels descrided in "Sipjipum", in terms of form and symbolic implication. Sites which mainly compose the stone platforms also comply with descriptions contained in "Hwaeomgyeong" regarding the place, frequency and contents of preaching Buddhist sermons. In conclusion, the outside of the Buseoksa Temple is composed of architectural spaces for which contents of "Hwaeomgyeong" and "Sipjipum" and the frequency and place of preaching Buddhist sermons are fully considered and comprehended.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.47-55
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose one stage multi-scale face detector based Fully Convolution Network using anchor free method. Recently almost all state-of-the-art face detectors which predict location of faces using anchor-based methods rely on pre-defined anchor boxes. However this face detectors need to hyper-parameters and additional computation in training. The key idea of the proposed method is to eliminate hyper-parameters and additional computation using anchor free method. To do this, we apply two ideas. First, by eliminating the pre-defined set of anchor boxes, we avoid the additional computation and hyper-parameters related to anchor boxes. Second, our detector predicts location of faces using multi-feature maps to reduce foreground/background imbalance issue. Through Quantitative evaluation, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated and analyzed. Experimental results on the FDDB dataset demonstrate the effective of our proposed method.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.10 no.5 s.37
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• pp.313-322
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• 2005

In this paper, we implement and verify performance monitor for parallel signal processing system, using DSP Starter Kit(DSK) of which the basic Processor is TMS302C6711 chip. The key ideas of this performance monitor is, using Real Time Data Exchange(RTDX) for the Purpose of real-time data transfer and function of DSP/BIOS, the ability to measure the Performance measure like DSP workload, memory usage, and bridge traffic. In the simulation, FFT, 2D FFT, Matrix Multiplication, and Fir Filter, which are widely used DSP algorithms, have been employed. Using performance monitor and Code Composer Studio from Texas Instrument(Tl) , the result has been recorded according to different frequencies, data sizes, and buffer sizes for a single wave file. The accuracy of our performance monitor has been verified by comparing those recorded results.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.136-144
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a scheme that can control the loss probability of low priority class bursts by dynamically adjusting the assembly threshold of low priority class. The key ideas is that the loss Probability of the longer burst increases as the load increases, thus reduced low priority class burst length decreases the loss priority at high traffic load. To achieve this aim, we first derive the relation among the loss probability, the assembly threshold, and the traffic load. In this paper we derive the relation by curve fitting on the simulation results. The ingress edge routers periodically or by event-driven receives the proper corresponding assembly threshold information from the core routers. This assembly threshold is calculated from the derived relation so that the required loss probability of the low priority class bursts in the network is satisfied. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme performs well to meet the loss probability target as expected.

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.01a
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• pp.167-173
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• 2011

Recently, the Web 2.0 bas gained much attention as an advanced form of Web technology. It is well observed that openness, participation, and sharing are the key ideas of Web 2.0 among many desirable characteristics of the technology. Furthermore, Wiki is one of the best representing tools that reflect effectively most of the characteristics of Web 2.0. Wiki is widely used to provide a Web-based communication tool for collaborative writing and editing freely. Therefore, it may be used for collaborative learning so that students can learn how to interact online with each other effectively and also acquire communication skills in an affirmative way. In the paper, we will discuss how students can change their aggresive, offensive, judgemental attitudes to affirmative, aggreable, thoughtful ones by way of exposing them to collaborative learning environment using Wiki as their interactive communication tool.