• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.759-766
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 WSN을 위한 위치 기반의 키 관리 기법에 대해서 제고한다. 기존의 위치 기반의 키 관리 기법들에 대해 알아보고 그 중 LDK (Location Dependent Key management) 기법을 집중적으로 파악하였다. 이를 통해 LDK 기법에서 고려하지 못한 통신 간섭 문제를 개선하기 위하여 그리드 정보를 활용한 키 생성 기법과 키 보정과정을 활용하는 기법을 제안하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 보안성이 높은 환경에서 제안 기법이 기존의 LDK보다 접속율은 향상하였고 절충율은 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 또한, 육면체 형태의 AN 배치를 통해 네트워크 비용을 줄일 수 있음을 시뮬레이션을 통해 확인하였다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.263-274
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• 2009

비중앙화(decentralized) 그룹키 관리 알고리즘은 그룹 멤버의 변화에 대한 영향을 지역적인곳으로 한정시킴으로서 안전한 멀티캐스트 네트워크 구조의 확장성(scalability)과 안정성(reliability)을 향상시킬 수 있다. 그러나 기존의 비중앙화 그룹키 관리 기법들에서는 멀티캐스트 과정에서 중간의 중계노드들이 멀티캐스트 데이터의 평문 정보를 복호화함으로써 그룹 통신의 비밀성이 보장되지 않거나, 하위 그룹간의 안전한 통신을 위해서 외부의 중앙화된 그룹키 분배 센터가 필요했다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 그룹키 관리 방식에서는 서비스 제공자가 대리 암호(proxy encryption)를 이용하여 그룹키를 분산화(distributed) 방식으로 합법적인 그룹 멤버에게만 분배한다. 따라서 멀티캐스트 데이터를 전송하는 과정에서 데이터의 비밀성을 보장하는 안전한 통신을 가능케 함과 동시에 중앙화된 그룹키 분배 센터에 대한 필요성을 제거시킬 수 있다. 제안하는 그룹키 관리 기법은 중앙화된 네트워크 관리자가 없이 네트워크의 구조가 빈번히 변화하는 신뢰할 수 없는 동적인 네트워크 환경에서도 안전한 그룹통신을 효과적으로 보장할 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제68권4호
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• pp.475-483
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• 2018

Square tubular columns are commonly used in moment resisting frames, while through-diaphragm connection is the most typical configuration detail to connect the H-shaped beam to the column. However, brittle fracture normally occurs at the complete joint penetration weld between the beam flange and the through-diaphragm due to the stress concentration caused by the geometrical discontinuity. Accordingly, three improved types of through-diaphragm are presented in this paper to provide smooth force flow path comparing to that of conventional connections. Tensile tests were conducted on four specimens and the results were analyzed in terms of failure modes, load-displacement response, yield and ultimate capacity, and initial stiffness. Furthermore, strain distributions on the through-diaphragm, the beam flange plate, and the column face were comprehensively evaluated and discussed. It was found that all the proposed three types of improved through-diaphragm connections were able to reduce the stress concentration in the welds between the beam flange and the through-diaphragm. Furthermore, the stress distribution in connection with longer tapered through-diaphragm was more uniform.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.688-698
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• 2016

In this paper, we investigate the achievable sum rate and energy efficiency of downlink massive multiple-input multiple-output antenna systems with zero-forcing precoding, by taking into account the randomness of user locations. Specifically, we propose two types of non-uniform user distributions, namely, center-intensive user distribution and edge-intensive user distribution. Based on these user distributions, we derive novel tight lower and upper bounds on the average sum rate. In addition, the impact of user distributions on the optimal number of users maximizing the sum rate is characterized. Moreover, by adopting a realistic power consumption model which accounts for the transmit power, circuit power and signal processing power, the energy efficiency of the system is studied. In particular, closed-form solutions for the key system parameters, such as the number of antennas and the optimal transmit signal-to-noise ratio maximizing the energy efficiency, are obtained. The findings of the paper suggest that user distribution has a significant impact on the system performance: for instance, the highest average sum rate is achieved with the center-intensive user distribution, while the lowest average sum rate is obtained with the edge-intensive user distribution. Also, more users can be served with the center-intensive user distribution.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.655-665
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• 2012

Based on wideband precoding (WBP) in the multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system, an adaptive nonuniform codebook is presented in this paper. The relationship between the precoder distribution and spatial correlation is analyzed at first. A closed-form expression based on overlapped isosceles triangles is proposed as an approximation of the precoder distribution. Then, the adaptive codebook design is derived with the approximate distribution to minimize quantization errors. The capacity and bit error rate performance demonstrate that the adaptive codebook with WBP outperforms the conventional fixed uniform codebook.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 1991

본 논문에서는 ID 정보를 이용한 키 분배방식을 제안했다. 이 방식에서는 Diffie-Hellman 방식에서 사용하는 공개 화일의 불법 변경 등의 공격에 대한 위험이 제거되는 장점을 가지고 있는 방식이다. 또한, 본 논문에서는 2명 이상의 회의용 키를 생성하는 ID 정보를 이용한 회의용 키 분배방식을 제안하였다. 가입자들은 링 네트워크(ring network)를 구성하고 있다고 가정하였다. 각 가입자들간의 전송정보들은 각 가입자의 ID 정보를 이용하여 인증된다. 제안한 방식의 안정성은 큰 수의 소인수 분해 및 이산대수 계산 문제에 근거한다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

PURPOSE. The maximum width between the mesial and distal labial transitional line angles, described as "esthetic width" herein, could significantly influence the visual perception of the teeth and smile. This study aimed to conduct biometric research on esthetic width and to explore whether regular distribution exists in the esthetic width of human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 4,264 maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were measured using the Geomagic studio software program. The proportions of maxillary to mandibular homonymous teeth and proportions between the adjacent teeth were calculated. Bilateral symmetry and the correlation between the esthetic and mesiodistal widths were both accounted for during the measurement procedures. RESULTS. The mean esthetic widths were 6.773 ± 0.518 mm and 4.329 ± 0.331 mm for maxillary and mandibular central incisors, respectively, 5.451 ± 0.487 mm and 5.008 ± 0.351 mm for maxillary and mandibular lateral incisors, respectively, and 3.340 ± 0.353 mm and 5.958 ± 0.415 mm for maxillary and mandibular canines, respectively. Except for the mandibular canines, no significant difference in esthetic width was found among homonymous teeth from the same jaw. A high linear correlation was found between the esthetic and mesiodistal widths of the same tooth, except for the maxillary canines. Esthetic width proportions among different tooth categories showed some regular patterns, which were similar to those of the mesiodistal width. CONCLUSION. Esthetic width is regularly distributed among the teeth in the Chinese population. This could provide an important reference for anterior dental restorations and dimension recovery in esthetic reconstruction of anterior teeth.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권15호
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• pp.6411-6414
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• 2014

Background: A dense breast not only reduces the sensitivity of mammography but also is a moderate independent risk factor for breast cancer. The percentage of Western women with fat breast tissue is higher aged 40 years or older. To a certain extent, mammography as a first choice of screening imaging method for Western women of this group is reasonable. Hitherto, the frequency and age distribution of mammographic breast density patterns among Chinese women had not been characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and age distribution of mammographic breast density patterns among a group of Chinese screening women and breast cancer patients in order to provide useful information for age-specific guidelines for breast cancer screening in Chinese women. Methods: A retrospective review of a total of 3,394 screening women between August and December 2009 and 2,527 breast cancer patients between July 2011 and June 2012 was conducted. Descriptive analyses were used to examine the association between age and breast density. The significance of differences of breast density between the screening women and the breast cancer patients was examined using nonparametric tests. Results: There was a significant inverse relationship between age and breast density overall (r=-0.37, p< 0.01). Breast density of the breast cancer patients in the subgroups of 40-49 years old was greater compared with that of the screening women, the same in those aged 50-54 years and in those 55 years old or older, less than in the screening group. Conclusions: With regard to the Chinese women younger than 55 years old, the diagnostic efficiency of breast cancer screening imaging examinations may be potentially improved by combining screening mammography with ultrasound.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.375-378
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• 2006

This letter presents a pairwise key establishment scheme that is robust against the compromise of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks. Each node establishes local keys with its neighbor nodes that are at most three hops away at network boot-up time. When any two nodes establish a pairwise key, they receive the secret information from the nodes on the route between them, and construct the pairwise key using the secret information. Here, the local keys are utilized by the nodes on the route to send the secret information securely. The simulation results have proven that the proposed scheme provides better security than the key pre-distribution-based scheme.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 그룹의 특정 가입자를 제외한 모든 가입자들이 키 분배 센터를 이용하여 그룹의 공유 키를 갖는 이동 통신 시스템에 적합한 새로운 그룹 공유키 경신 방식을 제안하고자 한다. 제안 방식에서의 그룹 공유키 경신은 준비단계 없이 사전에 분배된 스마트 카드를 이용하여 및 회라도 계속할 수가 있다. 제안 방식은 또한 배제하고자 하는 특정 가입자를 분류한 후, 전송해야 하는 데이터량이 그룹내의 가입자 수와는 무관하게 일정하므로 가입자가 많은 그룹에 적용 가능하다. 제안 방식의 안전성은 이산대수문제의 어려움에 의존하고 있다.