• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.982-992
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• 2011

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value and to verify the pig performance in growing and finishing phases (30 to 90 kg) fed on diets containing common corn (CC), high-lysine corn (HLC) and high-oil corn (HOC). In the total digestibility trial (Exp. I) 12 barrows were used. Values of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) as-fed basis for CC, HLC and HOC, were: 3,396 and 3,275 kcal/kg; 3,248 and 3,139 kcal/kg; 3,445 and 3,308 kcal/kg, respectively. In order to determine the apparent and true ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids, as well as the values of true digestible amino acids of the CC, HLC and HOC, an ileal digestibility trial was done (Exp. II) with T-cannulated barrows ("T" simple). The treatments consisted of three diets, with one of them as the sole source of protein (CC, HLC and HOC). In the performance experiment (Exp. III), 36 crossbred pigs, allotted in a completely randomized design with three treatments and 12 replications were used. Treatments consisted of three diets: 1 - CC; 2 - HLC and 3 - HOC. It was observed no difference for performance and carcass variables among the corns with different nutritional profiles. Results of the three experiments highlighted the importance of segregating corns in their real chemical and energetic composition as well as the values of true digestible amino acids for formulating diets for growing and finishing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.232-235
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• 1982

In order to establish the energy conservation strategy in canning of acid food, the enery consumption of peach canning factory was monitored. The energy intensity was investigated and quantification of thermal and electrical energy was undertaken in individual operations. For processing of 1 kg raw peach, thermal energy 864 kcal and electrical energy 0.045 KWh was consumed in overall factory. From daily processing of 14 M/T peach, 2060 kg waste like seeds and 1510 kg low grade product were produced, and syrup of 6240 kg was prepared for filling in can. Enery intensive operations were lyepeeling(35%) and pasteurization(53%). Steam quality in the monitored factory was in the range of $87{\sim}88%$ with no difference among processing lines and 23% of supplied thermal energy in pasteurization was utilized actually for heating food.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 1983

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the nutritive values of the varieties of rapeseed meal (Canola, Yudal and Yeongsan). Canola and Yeongsan contained more sulphur-amino acid than soybean meal and the metabolizable energy values were 1821 Kcal in Canola, 1586 Kcal in Yudal and 1683 Kcal in Yeongsan. There were no significant differences in body weight gains among the diets of substitute 10% of Canola, 5% of Yudal and Yeongsan for soybean meal and control broiler diet. The weight of thyroid glands increased by increasing the ratio of rapeseed meal in the diets. Based on the results of this study, it might be concluded that Conola meal, Yudal and Yeongsan rapeseed meal can be used up to 10%, 5% and 5% in broiler diets, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.369-377
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of food consumption monitoring based on a digital photography method using a mobile phone on food consumption and weight reduction. Eighteen female college students (>30% body fat) participated in the weight control program using a mobile-phone for 4 wks. The energy intake was reduced significantly after 3 wks compared to baseline (P<0.05, baseline: 1,453.0 kcal, 3rd wk: 1,171.1 kcal, 4th wk: 1,130.8 kcal). The subjects lost 2.8 kg of body weight, 1.4% of % body fat, and 1.1 $kg/m^2$ of body mass index (BMI) after 4 wks. There were also significant differences in blood pressure (P<0.001) and serum cholesterol (total cholesterol: P<0.05, LDL-cholesterol: P<0.01) before and after the self-regulated diet program. In this study, the digital photography method using a mobile-phone influenced weight control through trained consumption monitoring, which helps individuals reduce discrepancies between perceived and actual consumption levels. Therefore, effective monitoring by taking food pictures using a mobile-phone can lead individuals to rely more heavily on easy-to-monitor visual cues.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.209-214
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• 1978

Naringinase produced from Aspergillus nidulans was immobilized in acrylamide gel by the entrapping method and its characteristics were studied. Optimum acrylamide concentration was 10%, but N.N'-methylene bisacrylamide concentration had no influence on the final enzyme gel activity. The suitable amount of enzyme dissolved in the polymerization reaction mixture was 126 units/ml. Optimum pH of immobilized enzyme was 5.0 which was the same as that of free enzyme. However, immobilized enzyme showed a higher optumum reaction temperature, markedly increased pH and temperature stability. In a packed-column reactor, the observed reaction rate was increased proportionally to flow rate up to 5ml/min., but independent above 6ml/min.. Activation energy of the immobilized enzyme was 13.01 Kcal/mole, and the energy required for the thermal inactivation was 39.4 Kcal/mole. The apparent Km for 100 mesh gel was $7.23{\times}10^{-3}$ mole.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.305-312
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance, blood parameter, and intestinal morphology of Pekin ducks in low temperature. A total of 500, 21-d-old Pekin ducks (initial BW = 1,089 ± 5.21 g) were evenly assigned to five dietary treatments (2,950, 3,000, 3,050, 3,100, or 3,150 kcal AME/kg, calculated on an as-is basis) with four replicates (pens) for each treatment (25 ducks per pen). During the experiment, hens were provided with feed and water ad libitum. Overall, increasing dietary energy levels corresponded to an increase of final body weight and body weight gain (linear, p < 0.01). Feed intake decreased (linear, p < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio increased (linear, p < 0.01) with increasing levels of energy. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in the level of leukocytes between groups. However, heterophils decreased (quadratic, p < 0.05) and lymphocytes increased (linear, p < 0.01) as inclusion of dietary energy levels increased. The H/L ratio increased (linear, p < 0.01) with increasing dietary energy levels while serum corticosterone levels decreased at overall experimental periods. Triglycerides increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) with increasing dietary energy levels. There were no significant changes in villus height or crypt depth of the jejunum at overall experimental. In conclusion, increasing concentrations of dietary energy levels up to 2,950-3,150 kcal/kg in diet. Additionally, 3,150 kcal/kg dietary energy had been revealed more beneficial and could be practiced as protective management for the Pekin ducks reared under low ambient temperature (8℃ to 10℃).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 1996

The validity of the energy data of the starch-foods and seaweeds in Korean food composition tables has been suspected due to possible differences in their chemical compositions from those of western food ingredients. Energy conversion parameters being used currently in nutrition has been derived in countries where food items re quite different from ours. This study was undertaken to determine the metabolizable energy of starch-foods and seaweeds by the method selected in preexperiment20). Cooked starch foods and seaweeds were freeze-dried and fed to Sprague Dawley rat with 200∼300g body weight to measure apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values for four days after three days of preliminary period for adaptation to the diets. The AME and AMEn values of the wheat noodle were 4554.6, 4584.7, the Starch Vermicelli, 3763.4, 3855.7, the Ra myon, 4916.9, 4876.0, the Buckwheat noodle, 4469.7, 4442.0kcal/kg dry matter, the Potato, 4514.6, 4520.0 and those of the Bread, 3256.9, 3582.6, 3260.5, kcal/kg dry matter, respectively. Those of Sea tangle were 1437.3, 1631.3 and of Laver, 3126.6, 3171.3kcal/kg dry matter, resectively. When the AME values of the starch-foods and seaweeds measureed in present study were compared with energy values calculated by various conversion parameters such as Atwater's Rubner's, Sochun's and FAO's, there appeared dramatic differences indicating that for many of the food items, the latter energy values by conversion factors are hardly acceptable. These data also suggest that the existing energy conversion factors are not applicable to seaweeds and a further study is needed to obtain specific factors for the conversion to biological energy from the chemical composition of seaweeds.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-114
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• 1985

In the previous studies, one of our author had observed the obligatory nitrogen losses through urine and feces in young Korean male adults, and utilization of whole egg protein in Korean young adults with ordinary intake of energy as a basic study for estimating protein requirements of Korean. This study has tried to determine the protein requirement and utilization when subjects ate the Korean mixed diet at the energy level of 45 kcal per Kg body weight per day. Six healthy Korean young female adults, college students, aged $20{\sim}25$ years old, and $45{\sim}61Kg$ of body weight participated as the study subjects. They were given isocaloric diets with four different protein levels for five days each successively. These diets contained protein levels of 0.45, 0.60, 0.75 and 0.90g per Kg of body weight per day, respectively. It was attempted to observe energy and protein intake, urinary and fecal nitrogen losses, true digestibility of protein, net protein utilization of protein in the body over last two days of period of eating each diet and nitrogen balances were calculated. The body weight change and hematological observation were also performed. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1) True digestibility of protein of Korean mixed diets ranged from 83.1% to 86.5% and the average of which was $84.7{\pm}1.7%$. 2) Net protein utilization rate of Korean mixed diets was range of 49% to 55% and the average of which was $52{\pm}3%.$ 3) The body weight of subjects were slightly increased and the values of hemoglobin and hematocrit of the blood were also little increased during the experimental periods of twenty days. 4) Protein requirements of Korean mixed diet with the energy level of 45 kcal/Kg body weight per day of Korean young female adults were estimated as 1.00g/Kg/day on this experimental condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestibility of crude protein (CP), amino acids and energy in three Chinese corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), one rice DDGS, one American corn DDGS and one American high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG). In Exp. 1, the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids in the six samples were determined using cannulated barrows (initial BW: $43.3{\pm}1.7$ kg). In Exp. 2, the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of these six samples were determined using crossbred barrows (initial BW: $46.0{\pm}2.5$ kg). The results of the two experiments indicated that Chinese corn DDGS is generally similar to American DDGS in chemical composition, digestibility of amino acids, DE and ME. However, Chinese DDGS had a lower Lys concentration (0.50% vs. 0.74%) and SID Lys (52.3% vs. 57.0%, p<0.01). The DE and ME values in Chinese corn DDGS were 3,427 and 3,306 kcal/kg, respectively. Rice DDGS had a similar DE and ME (3,363 and 3,228 kcal/kg) but higher Lys concentration (0.64% vs. 0.50%) to corn DDGS, while the SID of Lys was quite low (61.8%, p<0.01). HP-DDG had high value of SID of Lys, DE and ME (79.8%, 3,899 and 3,746 kcal/kg). In conclusion, except for a lower Lys concentrations and availability, the chemical composition, digestibility of amino acids, DE and ME values in Chinese corn DDGS are similar to American corn DDGS. Additionally, the rice DDGS had lower Lys content and digestible Lys values than that in corn DDGS. Thirdly, HP-DDG has higher levels of digestible amino acids and energy than DDGS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.295-304
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• 1988

To study effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid and $\omega$-tocopherol content on lipid peroxidation in rat liver, rats were fed for 3, 6 and 9 weeks with normal tocopherol diet added 40mg of DL-$\alpha$-tocopherol/kg of diet (PF group), high tocopherol eit 200mg of DL-$\alpha$-tocopherol/kg of diet(PFE group), low tocopherol diet without addition of DL-$\alpha$-tocopherol to diet(PFO group), and control diet added 40mg of DL-$\alpha$-tocopherol/kg of diet(control group). Each diet group supplied 45% of total calorie from corn oil except control group which supplied 12% of total calorie from corn oil. After each feeding period, lipid peroxide and tocopherol contents were measured in the liver as well as activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. PF group had almost the same contents of liver peroxide, tocopherol contents and activities of glutathione peroxidease and superoxide dimutase as control group, while PFE group had higher tocopherol content and glutathione peroxidase activity and lower lipid peroxide contents and superoxide dismutase activity than control group. On the other hand, changes in the values of PFO group were opposite to those of PFE group. Differences in the values among groups were more pronounced as feeding period became longer.