• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2009

Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Mpt) is a chronic infectious enteric disease with deleterious impact on the performance in ruminants. In Korea, ELISA has been introduced to detect antibodies to Mpt in individual cattle. However, comparison study with ELISA has not been studied until now. In total, a panel of 899 serum samples obtained from dairy cattle was analyzed with two commercial ELISAs for Mpt to assess the performance. Two ELISAs employed in this study were both licensed worldwide. Two ELISAs applied onto same serum samples showed the moderate agreement (kappa value = 0.60). There was non-significant McNemar test (p = 0.0614) between two ELISA results indicating that each proportion detected by two kits did not differ. In addition, the percent agreement between two ELISA results was turned out to be 96.8% which interpreted excellent reproducibility. It was shown from this study that two ELISAs revealed moderate kappa agreement performance. The implication raised is that when ELISAs as diagnostics are used to detect Mpt in individual cattle, positive reaction by either ELISA should be interpreted as serologically Mpt positive due to presumed low sensitivity of ELISAs and their test agreement being less than 100%.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.97-103
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• 2017

Objectives : To identify whether pattern identification using nasal endoscopy for rhinitis can be applied as a tool for evaluating rhinitis in routine care setting, we performed a inter-rater reliability study on this pattern identification. Methods : Two Korean medicine doctors assessed 290 left/right nasal endoscopy photograph cases of rhinitis patients with pattern identification using nasal endoscopy. This pattern identification consist of four assessment items, nasal membrane color(pale/hyperemia), nasal membrane humidity(dryness/dampness), rhinorrhea(watery/yellow), and turbinate membrane edema(atrophic/edematous). Cohen's kappa statistic and Percentage agreement were used to evaluate the inter-rater reliability. Results : Inter-rater percentage agreement and Kappa coefficient for left nasal endoscopy photograph cases was from 'slight' to 'moderate'(% agreement: 40.00-67.59%/Kappa: 0.06-0.407). Only the agreement of 'rhinorrhea (watery/yellow)' item was moderate(% agreement: 67.59%/Kappa: 0.407). Inter-rater percentage agreement and Kappa coefficient for right nasal endoscopy photograph cases was also from 'slight' to 'moderate'(% agreement: 42.41-68.97%/Kappa: 0.109-0.465). Only the agreement of 'rhinorrhea(watery/yellow)' item was moderate(% agreement: 68.97%/Kappa: 0.465). Conclusions : It is necessary to resolve problems such as cut-off value setting, bipolar evaluation values(pale/hyperemia, dryness/dampness, watery/yellow, atrophic/edematous) and weighting items. Further rigorous studies that overcome the limitations of the current research are warranted.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.94-102
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• 2020

Purposes: The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of hospitalization and emergency room visits of asthma patients over the three years in 25 districts of Seoul. And analyzed the relationship between preventable hospital service uses and number of clinics for asthma patients. Methods: Data was collected from a customized database of the NHI(National Health Insurance) for 2016 to 2018. The number of clinics means Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Ear-Nose-Throat, and Family Medicine clinics. The hospital service means the number of adults admission for asthma and the number of total asthma emergency visits. This study used kappa analysis to assess the agreements of indicators between years, and structural equation modeling analysis was applied to analyze the relationship. Findings: The kappa value of the number of adults admission for asthma was compared between 2016 and 2017(kappa score=0.68), and was lowered when compared between 2016 and 2018(kappa score=0.26). And the value of kappa in the number of total asthma emergency visits due to asthma between 2016 and 2017(kappa score=0.51) was lower than that of between 2016 and 2018(kappa score=0.60). And the results showed that the number of clinics significantly negatively related to the uses of hospital services in asthmatic patients(β=-0.5, p=0.005). Practical Implication: This research could provide policy implications for strengthening primary care services that can contribute to the reduction of preventable hospital services.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 1994

In this study, we tested the influences of several ${\kappa}$ opioid ligands on the $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding in rat and guinea pig cortex membrane preparations. Using paradigm to block ${\mu}\;and\;{\delta}$ opioid receptors with $DAMGO(1{\mu}M)$ and $DPDPE(1{\mu}M)$, $[^3H]diprenorphine$ labeled ${\kappa}$ sites. Competition analysis in both rat and guinea pig cortex has shown a single population of $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding site with different Kd values, respectively. There is a significant difference in Ki values of (-) WIN44441 and (+)WIN44441 in both rat and guinea pig cortex. Bremazocine, (-)ethylketocyclazocine, (-)cyclazocine, nor-binaltorphimine effectively inhibited the $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding with different Ki values in rat and guinea pig cortex. U-69,593, U-50,488H and dynorphine-A (1-8) did not inhibit the $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding in rat but in guinea pig cortex. Nor-binaltorphimine was a ligand discriminate the ${\kappa}_1$, and ${\kappa}_2$ receptor most effectively. We, also, examined the influence of Na ion and $GTP{\gamma}S$, a nonhydrolyzable guanine nucleotide analog, on the inhibition of $[^3H]diprenorphine$ binding by diprenorphine, (-)ethyl-ketocyclazocine, U-69,593 and bremazocine. By the replacement of NaCl with N-methy-D-glucamine or addition of $GTP{\gamma}S$, Ki values of diprenorpnine were not changed and that of ethylketocyclazocine were changed significantly in both rat and guinea pig cortex. The Ki value of bremazocine was decreased by removal of Na ion, and increased by $GTP{\gamma}S$, however, was not changed by any one of either. These results suggest that there are 2 kinds of subtypes of ${\kappa}$ opioid receptor, ${\kappa}_1$, and ${\kappa}_2$, showing different Ki values for various ${\kappa}$ opioid ligands, also, bremazocine possess the antagonistic property at ${\kappa}_2$ site which is dominant subtype of K receptor in rat cortex.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliabilities of questions and diagnostic value of the Korean Sasang Constitutional Diagnostic Questionnaire(KS-15). The young adults aged 20's participated in this study. The first survey was conducted in march, 2016, and the second one was conducted two weeks later. Three hundred and three questionnaires and the informed consent were obtained from all participants. The test-retest kappa analysis was used to identify the reliabilities of the questions and diagnostic value, and the significance level was .05. The number of subjects was 303 [87(28.7%)males and 216(71.3%)females]. The Cronbach's α were .630 in 6 characteristic questions. The test-retest reliabilities of questions were ranged from .469 to 734. The agreement rate of KS-15 between the first and second constitutional diagnostic value was 87.13%(Kappa=0.794). The higher Sasang constitutional probability score in first survey resulted in the higher agreement rate between first and second diagnostic value. KS-15 seems to be a reliable implement. Further studies for the reliability of the people of different ages and suitable cut off point in Sasang constitutional probability score are needed for the practical use of KS-15.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

Hexeneuronic acid in soda-anthraquinone(AQ) pulps from Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescebs), Timber bamboo(Phyllostachys bambusoides) and Henon bamboo(Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis) was investigated with mercuric chloride hydrolysis and UV spectroscopic quantification. Concentration of hexeneuronic acid in bamboo pulps was $36.6-45.4{\mu}mol/g$, which contributed to 3.1-3.9 value increase of kappa number. Lower concentration of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid in bamboo xylan contributed to lower hexeneruonic acid content in bamboo pulps than those of hardwood(yellow poplar or eucalyptus) but higher than softwood(red pine).

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.271-274
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• 1998

Effects of Si and Ni addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Cu-12wt.%Al-5wt.%Fe-1wt.%Mn alloy have been investigated experimentally. Microstructure of the as-cast specimen is found to be refined markedly by additions of Ni and Si. By the addition of Ni, volume fraction of the ${\kappa}$ phase is increased, but volume fraction of the ${\gamma}$ phase is decreased. Hardness is increased with the addition of Ni, due to increasing of ${\kappa}$ phase which is harder than ${\gamma}$ phase. However, Charpy impact value is not significally decreased possibly due to the formation of isolate ${\kappa}$ phase.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.338-344
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• 2012

Mollugin is the active compound of Rubia cordifolia, a well known herb widely used in alternative medicines for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis and uteritis. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of mollugin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Treatment with mollugin significantly inhibited LPS-induced release of nitric oxide, prostaglandin $E_2$, and inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-6. In addition, mollugin suppressed LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) transcriptional activity. These results suggest that mollugin inhibits LPS-induced expression of inflammatory molecules via NF-${\kappa}B$, at least in part, and indicate the potential value of mollugin as a valuable new drug candidate for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.105-114
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• 2016

In this study, For assessment of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury, we acquired images by fat suppressed 3D fast spoiled gradient recalled T1 and fat suppressed Isotropic 3D fast spin echo T1 techniques. For quantitative evaluation, measured signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ratio and verified statistical significance between two imaging techniques by Mann-Whitney U verification. And for qualitative evaluation, marked 4-grade scoring (0: non diagnostic, 1: poor, 2: adequate, 3: good) on shape of TFCC, artifacts by partial volumes, description of the lesions by two radiologist, verified coincidence between 2 observer using Kappa-value verification. We used 3.0 Tesla MR equipment and 8-channel RF coil for imaging acquisition. As quantitative evaluation results, signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ratio value of Isotropic 3D fast spin echo T1 technique is higher in every image sections, also between two imaging techniques by Mann-Whitney U verification was statistically significant (p < 0.05). As qualitative results, observer 1, 2 marked a higher grade on Isotropic 3D FSE T1 technique, coincidence verification of evaluation results between two observers by Kappa-value verification was statistically significant (p < 0.05). As a result, during MRI examination on TFCC injury, fat suppressed Isotropic 3D fast spin echo T1 technique is considered offering more useful information about abnormal lesion of TFCC.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2007

Objectives : We investigated the validity of the dipstick method (Mossman Associates Inc. USA) and the expired CO method to distinguish between smokers and non-smokers. We also elucidated the related factors of the two methods. Methods : This study included 244 smokers and 50 ex-smokers, recruited from smoking cessation clinics at 4 local public health centers, who had quit for over 4 weeks. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient of each method for validity. We obtained ROC curve, predictive value and agreement to determine the cutoff of expired air CO method. Finally, we elucidated the related factors and compared their effect powers using the standardized regression coefficient. Results : The dipstick method showed a sensitivity of 92.6%, specificity of 96.0% and Kappa coefficient of 0.79. The best cutoff value to distinguish smokers was 5-6ppm. At 5 ppm, the expired CO method showed a sensitivity of 94.3%, specificity of 82.0% and Kappa coefficient of 0.73. And at 6 ppm, sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient were 88.5%, 86.0% and 0.64, respectively. Therefore, the dipstick method had higher sensitivity and specificity than the expired CO method. The dipstick and expired CO methods were significantly increased with increasing smoking amount. With longer time since the last smoking, expired CO showed a rapid decrease after 4 hours, whereas the dipstick method showed relatively stable levels for more than 4 hours. Conclusions : The dipstick and expired CO methods were both good indicators for assessing smoking status. However, the former showed higher sensitivity and specificity and stable levels over longer hours after smoking, compared to the expired CO method.